Instructive case
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In grammar, the instructive case is a grammatical case used in Finnish, Estonian, and the Turkic languages.
Uralic languages
[edit]In Finnish, the instructive case is used to indicate means, manner, instrument, location, or time. It is almost exclusively used in fixed expressions, such as in omin silmin (Template:Lit).[1] However, the instructive is productive for infinitive verbal constructions to indicate manner, as in nauraen (Template:Lit): He astuivat nauraen sisään (Template:Lit).[2]
In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded by the adessive case, as in minä matkustin junalla (Template:Lit).[citation needed]
The instructive case is only marginally present in Estonian in lexicalized expressions. Language reformers of the 20th century did try to revive it, but with little success.[3]
Turkish
[edit]In Turkish, the suffix -le is used for this purpose; for example, Trenle geldim (Template:Lit).[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ↑ Karlsson (2018), p. 264.
- ↑ Karlsson (2018), p. 265, 353.
- ↑ Metslang (2017), p. 302.
Sources
[edit]- Anhava, Jaakko (2015). "Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars". Studia Orientalia Electronica. Helsinki. 108.
- Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82104-0.
- Metslang, Helle (2017). "10. Can a language be forced? The case of Estonian". In Van Olmen, Daniel; Cuyckens, Hubert; Ghesquière, Lobke (eds.). Aspects of Grammaticalization: (Inter)Subjectification and Directionality. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. 305. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 281–310. doi:10.1515/9783110492347-011. ISBN 9783110489699. ISSN 1861-4302.