1094
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Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.[1]
Europe
- May – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.[2]
- May–June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.[3]
- July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).
- November 12 – Donald III mobilizes his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.[3]
Fatimid Egypt
- After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.
Eastern Islamic world
- February 3 – Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).
- October – Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.
By topic
Religion
- May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.
- October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.
- King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.
- Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism
Births
- January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)
- Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)
- Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)
- Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)
- Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)
- Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)
Deaths
- January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)
- February 3
- Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)
- Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)
- June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)
- June 4 – Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
- July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
- October 14
- Bertha of Holland, French queen consort
- Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)
- October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
- November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland
- Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
- Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
- Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
- Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
- Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)
- Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
- Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
- Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
- Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
- Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
- William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Norman nobleman
- Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman
References
- ↑ Timothy Venning (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades, p. 24. ISBN 978-1-138-80269-8.
- ↑ Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Potter, Philip J. (2009). Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers (1016–1399). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-7864-4038-2.