Foreign relations of Lebanon
Template:Politics of Lebanon The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. As'ad AbuKhalil argues that foreign intervention has been a mainstay of Lebanon's domestic politics throughout its history as a nation-state, with British, French and American influence predominating from the declaration of independence in 1943 until the 1956 Suez Crisis and 1958 Lebanon crisis. From then until the Lebanese Civil War, the country became an arena for struggle between players in the Cold War, including Egypt, the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Civil War regional powers in the Middle East strove for influence, including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel, with Syria gaining the upper hand at the tail end of the war.[1] Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.[2][3]
The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.
Economy
[edit | edit source]On 30 December 2025, Egypt and Lebanon signed a deal under which Lebanon will purchase natural gas from Egypt. The agreement is expected to help Lebanon meet its growing electricity needs. Nawaf Salam was quoted as saying that the agreement aims “to meet Lebanon’s needs for natural gas allocated for electricity generation.”[4]
Diplomatic relations
[edit | edit source]List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Bilateral relations
[edit | edit source]Americas
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 22 November 1945[20] | See Argentina–Lebanon relations
|
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 13 November 1945 | See Brazil–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945[19]
|
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 26 August 1954[54] | See Canada–Lebanon relations
Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958.
|
| File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | 28 June 1945 | See Chile–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945.[16][17]
|
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 12 June 1945 | See Lebanon–Mexico relations
|
 United States |
16 November 1944 | See Lebanon–United States relations
The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks.
|
| File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | 25 October 1945 | See Lebanon–Uruguay relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945[18]
|
Asia
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 4 March 1992 | See Armenia–Lebanon relations
The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997. Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[167][168] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.[169] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so. |
| File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan | 18 September 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
|
| File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | 28 March 1973 | See Bangladesh–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[105]
|
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 9 November 1971 | See China–Lebanon relations
China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.[99] In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[170] China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.[171] |
| File:Flag of India.svg India | 15 September 1948 | See India-Lebanon relations |
| File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia | See Indonesia–Lebanon relations | |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 21 September 1944 | See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944.[10] |
| File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq | 24 February 1944 | See Iraq–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.[6] Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias. |
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | See Israel–Lebanon relations | |
| File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | November 1954 | In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies |
| File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan | 1 October 1946 | See Jordan–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni.[28] |
| File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 16 July 1963 | See Lebanon–Malaysia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963[86]
|
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 15 September 1948 | See Lebanon–Pakistan relations |
| File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | 9 April 1944 | See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations |
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 12 February 1981 | See Lebanon–South Korea relations
The two countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1981.[175] The two countries have good relations. |
| File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria | 15 October 2008[144] | See Lebanon–Syria relations
The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.[178] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.[179] |
| Error creating thumbnail: Turkey | 8 March 1946 | See Lebanon–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[23] |
| File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates | 8 January 1972 | See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations |
Europe
[edit | edit source]Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.
Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[180]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | 19 September 1966 |
|
| File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia |
| |
| File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus | See Cyprus–Lebanon relations
| |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 6 October 1953 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host[51] |
 France |
25 November 1944 | See France–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.[12] In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.[184] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.[185] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.[186] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.[187]
|
 Germany |
20 May 1953 | See Germany–Lebanon relations
|
| File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece | 17 June 1947 | See Greece–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[32] The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.
|
| File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg Holy See | 17 March 1947 | See Holy See–Lebanon relations
The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.
|
 Italy |
20 November 1946 | See Italy–Lebanon relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[30] Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[188] Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[citation needed] Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[citation needed] Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.[citation needed]
|
 Poland |
20 October 1956 | 1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.[189]
|
| File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | 6 January 1965 | See Lebanon–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 3 August 1944 | See Lebanon–Russia relations
|
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 5 March 1948 | See Lebanon–Spain relations
|
| File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine | 14 December 1992 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992 |
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 9 February 1942 | See Lebanon–United Kingdom relations
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 February 1942.[5][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Association Agreement,[195] and a Development Partnership.[196] |
Oceania
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 5 February 1967 | 20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995[197]
|
See also
[edit | edit source]
- Constitution of Lebanon
- Lebanese diaspora
- Lebanese identity card
- Lebanese nationality law
- Lebanese passport
- List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon
- List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon
- Politics of Lebanon
- Visa policy of Lebanon
- Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens
- Lebanon-Cyprus maritime border agreement
References and footnotes
[edit | edit source]- Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21159-X.
- Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1.
- Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
- ↑ AbuKhalil, As'ad (14 January 2025). "As'as AbuKhalil: A History of Foreign Intrigue in Lebanon". consortiumnews.com. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
- ↑ DeVore, Marc R. (2012). "Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making". Perspectives on Terrorism. 6 (4/5): 85–107. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26296878.
- ↑ United States Institute of Peace[dead link] Iran and Lebanon, Emile Hokayem,
- ↑ "Lebanon signs deal to purchase natural gas from Egypt as it struggles with electricity". 2025.[dead link]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Digest of International Law, Volume 2. U.S. Department of State, 1963. p. 222.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 376.
- ↑ KHOURY Gérard. Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). KARTHALA Editions, 2004. p. 376.
- ↑ "Poland in Lebanon". gov.pl. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ "73 years ago Russia Lebanon diplomatic ties were established (on August 3, 1944)". MFA Russia. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gérard D. Khoury (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945 une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala. p. 380.
- ↑ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Lebanon". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
- ↑ KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
- ↑ KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 389.
- ↑ "Mexico Strengthens Ties with Lebanon". Gobierno de Mexico. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "CHILE: Relaciones bilaterales de Chile con el Mundo Árabe". arabe.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1945. p. 228.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Diario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Vol. 49 (in Spanish). 1949. p. 135.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Cria uma Legação nas Repúblicas do Líbano e da Síria. Decreto nº 19.901, de 13 de Novembro de 1945". lexml.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Acuerdo por Notas Reversales, por el que se Establecen Relaciones Diplomáticas". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ↑ Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 2-3, Issues 5-8 (in French). Université de Paris. Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain. 1946. p. 85.
- ↑ "Histoire de l'Ambassade du Liban en Suisse et des relations bilatérales". Ambassade du Liban en Suisse et au Liechtenstein (in French). Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ↑ "Manual de Protocolo" (PDF). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Panama (in Spanish). March 2017. p. 227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ↑ Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain, Volumes 5-12. G. P. Maisonneuve., 1946. p. 227.
- ↑ "Embajador de Venezuela en Líbano presenta cartas credenciales ante el presidente Michel Aoun". Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores Venezuela (in Spanish). 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ↑ Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 97. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Heads of Foreign Missions in the Lebanon, 1947. Lebanon from Foreign Office files 1947-1957. 1947. p. 12. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Lebanon celebrate 76 years of formal diplomatic relations today, October 24!". 24 October 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "I DOCUMENTI DIPLOMATICI ITALIANI DECIMA SERIE: 1943-1948 VOLUME IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 857. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ↑ "Discorso di sua santita Pio XII Al primo ambasciatore del Libano presso la Santa Sede" (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947. Eastern Affairs, January 1947-December 1947. University Publications of America, 2001. p. 367.
- ↑ España y ONU: 1947-1949, estudio introductivo y Corpus documental. Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, 1985. p. 378.
- ↑ "Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Great Britain. Foreign Office, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston, University Publications of America (Firm). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Israel, Syria, Arabia, The Middle East (General), Jordan and Arab Palestine and the Lebanon, January 1950-December 1950. 2002. p. 191.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2005). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Latin America, 1952. LexisNexis. p. 301.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ India News, Volume 9, Issues 16-29. ndia. High Commissioner in the United Kingdom. Public Relations Department. 1948. p. 18.
- ↑ S. A. R. Bilgarami (1949). The Pakistan Year Book & Who's who. Kitabistan. p. 53.
- ↑ James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2005). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Latin America, 1951. LexisNexis. p. 320.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia conmemora los 76 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Libanesa". Cancillería de Bolivia (in Spanish). 21 February 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
- ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis, 2006. p. 311.
- ↑ "Mensaje a la Nacion del Presidente del Peru, General Manuel A. Odria Amoretti, 27 de Julio de 1949" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ "70 years of Indonesia – Jordan relations towards a genuine and solid partnership". The Jordan Times. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ↑ "En marzo habilitan Embajada en el Líbano". abc.com.py (in Spanish). 6 February 2005. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ↑ Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
- ↑ "Bulletin d'information_1950_11" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 257. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Africa (general), 1951. LexisNexis, 2005. p. 87.
- ↑ Memoria ... (in Spanish). Honduras. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1951. p. 167.
- ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 187.
- ↑ "Libanon: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1955. p. 145.
- ↑ The international who's who of the Arab world. London : International Who's Who of the Arab World Ltd. 1988. pp. 609–610.
- ↑ "Lebanon". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Linwood DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ↑ "Japan-Lebanon Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ "Lebanon Historical Timeline". Order of Malta Lebanon. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ↑ "Líbano". Portal Diplomatico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ "Politique étrangère du Maroc" (in French). p. 40. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ "من نحن". Embassy of Lebanon in Republic of Sudan - Khartoum (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ Clausen, Ursel (1976). Tunisie - notes biographiques (in French). p. 16.
- ↑ "สาธารณรัฐเลบานอน The Republic of Lebanon". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ↑ Summary of the Yugoslav Press. The Service. 1959. p. 4.
- ↑ Lazar Focsaneanu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 921. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ↑ "Lebanese Envoy Cause For Celebrating". Haiti Sun. 24 May 1959. pp. 1, 16. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ↑ Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 370.
- ↑ Farīd Shihāb (al-Amīr), Yumná ʻUsaylī (2007). A Face in the Crowd A Selection from Emir Farid Chehab's Private Archives. Stacey International. p. 10.
8 June 1960 : Accredited as Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Government of Cameroon in addition to his responsibilities in Ghana
- ↑ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ↑ "History". Embassy of Lebanon in the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ↑ Farīd Shihāb (al-Amīr), Yumná ʻUsaylī (2007). A Face in the Crowd A Selection from Emir Farid Chehab's Private Archives. Stacey International. p. 10.
8 October 1960 : Accredited as Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Government of Nigeria in addition to his responsibilities in Ghana.
- ↑ "RepúblicaDominicana y Líbano, establecieron Relaciones Diplomáticas en el año 1960". Facebook (in Spanish). 16 August 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 416.
- ↑ Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960, Volume 1. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1960. p. 371.
- ↑ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 139.
- ↑ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 414.
- ↑ News from Hsinhua News Agency: Daily bulletin. Issues 1357-1371. 1961.
- ↑ Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2. Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center. p. 415. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 50-51. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 7.
- ↑ Afrique - Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 64.
- ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 126-127. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ↑ Europe, France outremer Issues 382-392 (in French). p. 63.
- ↑ François Buy (1965). La République algérienne démocratique et populaire (in French). Diffusion: Librairie française. p. 176.
- ↑ Who's who in Lebanon. Publitec Publications - Beirut. 1977. p. 526.
- ↑ The Trinidad and Tobago Year Book ... Containing Information Obtained from Official Records and Reliable Sources. 1962. p. 311.
- ↑ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Jamaica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ "List of states which the Lao PDR has established diplomatic relations since 1950" (PDF). laosembassy.net. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 1. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut. 1963. p. 221.
- ↑ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ↑ L'Argus de la presse libanaise Issues 26-37 (in French). Bureau des documentations libanaises et arabes. 1963. p. 8.
- ↑ "Brief history". Embassy of Romania in the Republic of Lebanon. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Chronology of Arab Politics, Volume 3. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut., 1965. p. 138.
- ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 231-235. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965.
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 "History of the Embassy of Lebanon, Sofia". Embassy of Lebanon in Republic of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Monde colonial illustré Volume 44, Issues 441-452 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1966. p. 74.
- ↑ Who's who in Lebanon Volume 3 (in French). Les Editions Publitec. 1968. p. 374.
- ↑ Mideast Mirror, Volume 19. Arab News Agency, 1967. p. 20.
- ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 161-165. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1967. p. 9. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ↑ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. p. 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Mokhtar Ould Daddah (2003). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (in French). Karthala. p. 520.
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 "Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Lebanese President Michel Aoun on the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Lebanon Diplomatic Relations". eu.china-mission.gov.cn. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ↑ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 13.
- ↑ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 15.
- ↑ "العلاقات الثنائية". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ↑ Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии, выпуск семнадцатый: Зарубежные страны часть II (PDF) (in Russian). 1973. p. 263.
- ↑ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 9.
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1973. p. 132.
- ↑ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ ABSEES - Soviet and East European Abstracts Series Volume 5. July 1974. p. 126.
- ↑ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1975. p. 70.
- ↑ "Press Release by the office of the Speaker: Speaker Farrugia meets the new Lebanese Ambassador". gov.mt. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Lebanon" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 18 December 1980 No.146. pp. 4039–4040. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
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...that this historic day is the real day of the start of diplomatic relations between the Republic of South Sudan and the Lebanese Republic,
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- ↑ Messages to Lebanon Pakistan MOFA
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- ↑ Libanon Danske kontaktoplysninger
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
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- ↑ Department for International Trade; Burns, Conor (19 September 2019). "UK and Lebanon sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK (Press release). Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
- ↑ "Australian Embassy Lebanon".
External links
[edit | edit source]- 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement Archived 27 February 2026 at the Wayback Machine
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