Foreign relations of Mauritius

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Template:Politics of Mauritius Mauritius has strong and friendly relations with the West, with South Asian countries and with the countries of southern and eastern Africa. It is a member of the World Trade Organization, the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, the African Union, the Southern Africa Development Community, the Indian Ocean Commission, COMESA, and the recently formed Indian Ocean Rim Association.

Trade, commitment to democracy, and the country's small size are driving forces behind Mauritian foreign policy. The country's political heritage and dependence on Western markets have led to close ties with the European Union and its member states, particularly France, the colonial power until 1810, Mauritius' only immediate neighbour being Réunion, both an overseas department of France and an outermost region of the EU. Mauritius also maintains close ties with the United Kingdom, a former member EU state and the colonial power until 1968.

Considered part of Africa geographically, Mauritius has friendly relations with other African states in the region, particularly South Africa, by far its largest continental trading partner. Mauritian investors are gradually entering African markets, notably Madagascar and Mozambique. Mauritius coordinates much of its foreign policy with the Southern Africa Development Community and the Organisation of African Unity. The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Relations with France and India are strong for both historical and commercial reasons. High Commissions and foreign embassies in Mauritius include Australia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, Egypt, France, India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Bangladesh, and the United States.

Mauritius is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

International disputes

Mauritius claims the entire Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean and also claims the whole French-administered Tromelin Island.[1]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries with which Mauritius maintains diplomatic relations:

File:Diplomatic relations of Mauritius.svg
# Country Date
1   France Template:DTS[2]
2 Error creating thumbnail:  United Kingdom Template:DTS[3]
3   United States Template:DTS[4]
4   India Template:DTS[5]
5   Pakistan Template:DTS[6]
6   Russia Template:DTS[7]
7   Germany Template:DTS[8]
8 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:DTS[3]
9   Canada Template:DTS[9]
10 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:DTS[10]
11 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Template:DTS[11]
12   Belgium Template:DTS[12]
13 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:DTS[3]
14    Switzerland Template:DTS[3]
15   Japan Template:DTS[3]
—    Holy See Template:DTS[13]
16   Egypt Template:DTS[14]
17 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:DTS[15]
18 File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria Template:DTS[16]
19   Australia Template:DTS[17]
20   Serbia Template:DTS[18]
21   South Korea Template:DTS[19]
22   Iran Template:DTS[20]
23   China Template:DTS[21]
24   Norway Template:DTS[22]
25 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:DTS[23]
26   Denmark Template:DTS[24]
27   North Korea Template:DTS[25]
28 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:DTS[26]
29   Finland Template:DTS[27]
30   Sweden 20 December 1973[28]
31   Argentina Template:DTS[29]
32 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Template:DTS[30]
33   Romania Template:DTS[31]
34 Error creating thumbnail:  Trinidad and Tobago June 1974[32]
35 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 9 August 1974[33]
36 Error creating thumbnail:  Barbados Template:DTS[34]
37 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 29 December 1974[35]
38   Bulgaria Template:DTS[36]
39 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:DTS[37][38]
40   United Arab Emirates Template:DTS[39]
41 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:DTS[40]
42   Tunisia Template:DTS[41]
43   Austria Template:DTS[42]
44 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:DTS[43]
45 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:DTS[44]
46 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:DTS[45]
47 Error creating thumbnail:  Jordan Template:DTS[46]
48   Iraq Template:DTS[47]
49   Oman Template:DTS[48]
50 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:DTS[49]
51 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:DTS[47]
52   Czech Republic Template:DTS[50]
53 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:DTS[51]
54 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:DTS[52]
55   Uganda Template:DTS[53]
56   Sri Lanka Template:DTS[54]
57 Error creating thumbnail:  Mexico Template:DTS[55]
58 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:DTS[56]
59   Turkey Template:DTS[57]
60   Portugal Template:DTS[58]
61   Albania October 1977[59]
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62   Saudi Arabia Template:DTS[61]
63   Myanmar Template:DTS[62]
64   Thailand Template:DTS[63]
65   Poland Template:DTS[64]
66 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:DTS[65]
67   Sudan Template:DTS[66]
— File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives (suspended)[67] Template:DTS[68]
68     Nepal Template:DTS[69]
69   Greece Template:DTS[70]
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71 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:DTS[72]
— File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Template:DTS[73]
72 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:DTS[74]
73 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:DTS[75]
74 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:DTS[76]
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77 File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:DTS[79]
78   Chile Template:DTS[80]
79   Colombia Template:DTS[70]
80 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:DTS[81]
— File:Flag of Palestine.svg State of Palestine 1989[82]
81   Hungary Template:DTS[83]
82   Brunei Template:DTS[84]
83   Ukraine Template:DTS[70]
84 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:DTS[70]
85   South Africa Template:DTS[85]
86 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:DTS[70]
87 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:DTS[70]
88   Slovakia Template:DTS[70]
89   Ethiopia Template:DTS[86]
90 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:DTS[87]
91 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:DTS[70]
92   Slovenia Template:DTS[88]
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94   Namibia Template:DTS[89]
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99   Lithuania Template:DTS[93]
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101   Cyprus Template:DTS[70]
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122   Ghana 18 August 2003[101]
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130 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:DTS[70]
131 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:DTS[103]
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133   Guatemala Template:DTS[70]
134   Andorra Template:DTS[70]
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136   Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:DTS[70]
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138   Kenya 16 April 2008[106]
139 Error creating thumbnail:  Paraguay Template:DTS[70]
140 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:DTS[107]
141   Georgia Template:DTS[70]
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146 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:DTS[70]
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148 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:DTS[109]
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Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 1972 See Bangladesh–Mauritius relations

Bangladesh and Mauritius share a common heritage in culture and politics. Diplomatic relations were established in 1972, soon after Bangladeshi independence. Both nations have rapidly growing trade ties and increasing investment and financial linkages. Bangladesh has a High Commission in Port Louis. The two countries are common members of the Indian Ocean Rim Association and the Commonwealth of Nations.

  • Bangladesh has a high commission in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
  Canada 1967

Canada and Mauritius established diplomatic relations in 1967.[112] Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie.

  • Canada is accredited to Mauritius from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  China 15 April 1972 See China–Mauritius relations

Under Chinese President Hu Jintao in 2010, an investment package of $750m was allocated to Mauritius to develop the Jinfei Special Economic Zone which consists of 211 hectares (521 acres) of land. Buildings of infrastructure and services primarily serving interests of Chinese companies operating the African region but would also eventually open up to foreign parties. The proposed investment package also includes development of advance logistic operations in Mauritius, construction of a university and an oceanographic research centre.[113] This investment package is Mauritius' largest single foreign direct investment ever.[114]

  Cyprus 1 February 2001
  • Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations
  • List of bilateral agreements.[115]
  • Cyprus is accredited to Mauritius from its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Mauritius is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  France 12 March 1968 See France–Mauritius relations

France has remained one of its biggest trading partners; in addition, the two countries share close cultural ties in language, media and literature.

  • France has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Paris.
  • Both nations are members of La Francophonie.
  Greece 23 February 1981
  • Greece is accredited to Mauritius from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[116]
  • Mauritius is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[116]
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 1 December 1992
  • Mauritius is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 1, 1992.[117]
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  India 12 March 1968 See Mauritius–India relations

India and Mauritius established diplomatic relations in 1948. India has remained one of its biggest trading partners; in addition India has deep social and historical links with a large portion of the population of Mauritius, India is the country's second largest source of foreign assistance.[118]

File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel

Both countries have signed many bilateral agreements.[122]

  Kenya See Kenya–Mauritius relations
  • Kenya is accredited to Mauritius from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Mauritius is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 27 August 1968 See Madagascar–Mauritius relations
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
Error creating thumbnail:  Malaysia 13 August 1986 See Malaysia–Mauritius relations
Error creating thumbnail:  Mexico 30 July 1976
  • Mauritius is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Mauritius from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Port Louis.[123]
  Pakistan 1969 See Mauritius–Pakistan relations

Relations between Pakistan and Mauritius were first established in 1969. On November 30, 2007, the two countries signed a bilateral Preferential Trade Agreement.[124]

  • Mauritius has a High Commission in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has a High Commission in Port Louis.
  Romania 25 June 1974

Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 30, 1976.[125]

  Russia 17 March 1968 See Mauritius–Russia relations

The Soviet Union and Mauritius established diplomatic relations on March 17, 1968.[126] The Russian Federation has an embassy in Floreal, Mauritius, and Mauritius has an embassy in Moscow, which was opened in July 2003.[127]

  • Mauritius has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Port Louis.
  South Africa 6 December 1993 See Mauritius–South Africa relations

Relations between South Africa and Mauritius were established in 1992 with the establishing of Representative Offices in both countries. Full diplomatic relations were established in 1994. Upon South Africa's return to the Commonwealth, relations have been conducted at the level of High Commission. There is no visa requirements for South Africans visiting Mauritius.

  • Mauritius has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission Port Louis.
  South Korea 3 July 1971

Mauritius and the Republic of Korea established Diplomatic Relations on July 3, 1971.[128]

  • Mauritius is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • South Korea is accredited to Mauritius from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
   Switzerland
  Turkey 18 October 1976 See Mauritius–Turkey relations
  • Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[130]
  • Turkish Embassy in Antananarivo is accredited to Mauritius.[130]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019.[130]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015.[130]
Error creating thumbnail:  United Kingdom 12 March 1968 See Mauritius–United Kingdom relations
File:Prime Minister Liz Truss and the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Pravind Jugnauth.jpg
Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth with British Prime Minister Liz Truss at a United Nations General Assembly in New York City, September 2022.

Mauritius established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 12 March 1968.[3][failed verification]

  • Mauritius maintains a high commission in London.[131]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Mauritius through its high commission in Port Louis.[132]

The UK governed Mauritius from 1810 to 1968, when Mauritius achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention.[133]

  United States 12 March 1968 See Mauritius–United States relations
Error creating thumbnail:
George W. Bush and Mauritian Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth. Oval Office, June 26, 2003.

Official U.S. representation in Mauritius dates from the end of the 18th century. An American consulate was established in 1794 and was closed in 1911. It was reopened in 1967 and elevated to embassy status upon Mauritius' independence in 1968. Since 1970, the mission has been directed by a resident U.S. ambassador. In 2002, Mauritius recalled its ambassador to the United Nations for not accurately conveying his government's pro-American stance in the Security Council debate.[134]

  • Mauritius has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Port Louis.
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 4 May 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 4, 1994.[135] Both countries are members of La Francophonie.

  • Mauritius is accredited to Vietnam from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Mauritius from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the Covenant" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "L'île Maurice dans le journal Le Monde 1959 - 2017" (PDF). institutfrancais.mu (in French). p. 13. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps; High Commissions, Embassies, Consulates, International Organization[s]. Mauritius. Ministry of External Affairs, Tourism, and Emigration. 1970. p. 46.
  4. ↑ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Mauritius". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  5. ↑ "High Commission of India in Port Louis, Mauritius". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  6. ↑ Pakistan Horizon, Volume 58, Issues 1-2. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs., 2005. p. 139.
  7. ↑ "Двусторонние отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  8. ↑ "Mauritius: Überblick" (in German). Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  9. ↑ "Heads of Post List: Mauritius". Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  10. ↑ "Trade relations between Mauritius and New Zealand". Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  11. ↑ "Historical links between Mauritius and Madagascar". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  12. ↑ Europe, France outremer, Issues 465-476. 1968. p. 183.
  13. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  14. ↑ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics. Research and Publishing House., 1970. p. 1733.
  15. ↑ "Joseph Guy Forget, nuovo ambasciatore di Mauritius: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  16. ↑ Chronologie politique africaine Volume 11 (in French). Centre d'étude des relations internationales. 1970. p. 23. 22 mai - Etablissement de relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades entre la Syrie et Maurice, selon un communiqué syrien.
  17. ↑ "Australian High Commission welcomes its new High Commissioner". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1970. p. 1912.
  19. ↑ "Overview". Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  20. ↑ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Issue 11. Echo of Iran. 1972. p. 261.
  21. ↑ "Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and Mauritius". Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  22. ↑ "Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "Bulletin de documentation_1973_1" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 21. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "News". Mauritius High Commission London. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  25. ↑ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  26. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4412-4487. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  27. ↑ "Finland and Mauritius". Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  28. ↑ "Främmande makters beskickningar". Sveriges statskalender / 1978 / (in Swedish). p. 37. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "Comunicado Conjunto estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno del Estado Independiente de Mauricio". Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  30. ↑ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations (MFA of Jamaica)". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  32. ↑ "Presentation of Credentials by H.E. Dr. Lovell Francis to His Excellency Prithvirajsing Roopun, President of the Republic of Mauritius on July 27, 2022". 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  33. ↑ "Cria a Embaixada do Brasil em Mauricio. Decreto Nº 74.390 de 09 de Agosto de 1974". legislacao.presidencia.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 March 2025.
  34. ↑ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017.
  35. ↑ "Ambassador of Zambia calls on Minister Maneesh Gobin, discusses bilateral trade, investments and regional integration". Facebook. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  36. ↑ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  37. ↑ "Bangladesh – Mauritius : Consolidation Of Trade And Investment Relations". capmad.com. 2 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  38. ↑ "Bilateral Relationship between Bangladesh and Mauritius". High Commission for the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Port Louis, Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  39. ↑ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 23.
  40. ↑ News from Hsinhua News Agency: daily bulletin. 1976. p. 16.
  41. ↑ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 2.
  42. ↑ Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps; High Commissions, Embassies, Consulates, International Organization[s]. Mauritius. Ministry of External Affairs, Tourism, and Emigration. 1978. p. 94.
  43. ↑ "SIXTH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) FIRST SESSION TUESDAY 10 NOVEMBER 2015" (PDF). p. 60. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  44. ↑ "BILATERAL RELATIONS". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  45. ↑ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 7.
  46. ↑ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый. Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Люксембург-Япония" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 310. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 6.
  48. ↑ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 18.
  49. ↑ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый. Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Люксембург-Япония" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 310. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  50. ↑ Daily Report: Eastern Europe, Volume 76, Issues 113-120. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1976.
  51. ↑ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 1671-1683. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. p. 46.
  52. ↑ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 1671-1683. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. p. 46.
  53. ↑ Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps; High Commissions, Embassies, Consulates, International Organization[s]. Mauritius. Ministry of External Affairs, Tourism, and Emigration. 1979. p. 98.
  54. ↑ News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1976. p. 710. Mauritius and Sri Lanka have decided to establish diplomatic relations . Rajmohunsing Jomadar , High Commissioner of Mauritius to India , would concurrently be the first High Commissioner to Sri Lanka as well . Ceylon Daily News , 19 July.
  55. ↑ "NOMBRAMIENTOS DIPLOMÁTICOS DE RECIENTE INGRESO AL SENADO DE LA REPÚBLICA EN ÁFRICA, EL CARIBE Y EUROPA" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 9. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  56. ↑ "Cuba Memoria Anual 2016" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 19. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  57. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 5326-5361. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service 1976. p. 3.
  58. ↑ "Maurícia Relações Diplomáticas". Portal Diplomático (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 July 2023.
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  104. ↑ @CancilleriaPeru (12 December 2025). "Hoy celebramos el 20° aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República de Mauricio. Resaltamos la amistad y voluntad de profundizar la relación bilateral entre ambos países" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 "Relations between Turkey and Mauritius".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
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  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  134. ↑ Farley, Maggie (6 November 2002). "Mauritius' Envoy to U.N. Gets the Boot for Not Toeing the Line". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  135. ↑ "- General Information about Countries and Regions". www.mofa.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2018.

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