Standard electrode potential (data page)

Main article: Standard electrode potential

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

• Temperature Template:Cvt;
• Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/L for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species;
• Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and
• Absolute partial pressure Template:Cvt for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa).

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) can be added. Those free energy changes satisfy

∆G° = –zFE°,

where z electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant F is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. For example, from

FeTemplate:2+ + 2Template:E- Template:Eqm Fe(s) (−0.44 V),

the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one FeTemplate:2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol Template:E-). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆G_f°) for an FeTemplate:2+ ion, since Template:E- and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: $${\begin{alignedat}{4}&{\ce {Cu+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{1}=+0.520{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + 2e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{2}=+0.337{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu+}}&\quad \quad E_{3}=+0.159{\text{ V}}\end{alignedat}}$$ From additivity of Gibbs energies and canceling common factors, one must have $$2\cdot E_{2}=1\cdot E_{1}+1\cdot E_{3}$$ But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations. Template:Table alignment

Element	Half-reaction			E° (volt)	Electrons transferred
	Oxidant	⇌	Reductant
Sr	Sr+ + Template:E-	⇌	Sr(s)	−4.101	1
Ca	Ca+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ca(s)	−3.8	1
Th	Th4+ + Template:E-	⇌	Th3+	−3.6	1
Pr	Pr3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Pr2+	−3.1	1
N	3N 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2HN 3(aq)	−3.09	2
Li	Li+ + Template:E-	⇌	Li(s)	−3.0401	1
N	N 2(g) + 4Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	2NH 2OH(aq) + 2Template:OH-	−3.04	2
Cs	Cs+ + Template:E-	⇌	Cs(s)	−3.026	1
Ca	Ca(OH) 2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ca(s) + 2Template:OH-	−3.02	2
Er	Er3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Er2+	−3	1
Ba	Ba(OH) 2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ba(s) + 2Template:OH-	−2.99	2
Rb	Rb+ + Template:E-	⇌	Rb(s)	−2.98	1
K	K+ + Template:E-	⇌	K(s)	−2.931	1
Ba	Ba2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ba(s)	−2.912	2
La	La(OH) 3(s) + 3Template:E-	⇌	La(s) + 3Template:OH-	−2.9	3
Fr	Fr+ + Template:E-	⇌	Fr(s)	−2.9	1
Sr	Sr2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sr(s)	−2.899	2
Sr	Sr(OH) 2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sr(s) + 2Template:OH-	−2.88	2
Ca	Ca2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ca(s)	−2.868	2
Li	Li+ + C 6(s) + Template:E-	⇌	LiC 6(s)	−2.84	1
Eu	Eu2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Eu(s)	−2.812	2
Ra	Ra2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ra(s)	−2.8	2
Ho	Ho3+ + Template:E-	⇌	HoTemplate:2+	−2.8	1
Bk	Bk3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Bk2+	−2.8	1
Yb	Yb2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.76	2
Na	Na+ + Template:E-	⇌	Na(s)	−2.71	1
Mg	Mg+ + Template:E-	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.7	1
Nd	Nd3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Nd2+	−2.7	1
Mg	Mg(OH) 2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Mg(s) + 2Template:OH-	−2.69	2
Sm	Sm2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.68	2
Be	Be 2O2− 3 + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E-	⇌	2Be(s) + 6Template:OH-	−2.63	4
Pm	Pm3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Pm2+	−2.6	1
Dy	Dy3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Dy2+	−2.6	1
No	No2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	No	−2.5	2
Hf	HfO(OH) 2 + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E-	⇌	Hf(s) + 4Template:OH-	−2.5	4
Th	Th(OH) 4 + 4Template:E-	⇌	Th(s) + 4Template:OH-	−2.48	4
Md	Md2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Md	−2.4	2
Tm	Tm2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.4	2
La	La3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	La(s)	−2.379	3
Y	Y3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Y(s)	−2.372	3
Mg	Mg2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Mg(s)	−2.372	2
Sc	ScF3(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sc(s) + 3HF(aq)	−2.37	3
Zr	ZrO(OH) 2(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E-	⇌	Zr(s) + 4Template:OH-	−2.36	4
Pr	Pr3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Pr(s)	−2.353	3
Ce	Ce3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ce(s)	−2.336	3
Er	Er3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Er(s)	−2.331	3
Ho	Ho3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.33	3
Al	H 2AlO− 3 + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E-	⇌	Al(s) + 4Template:OH-	−2.33	3
Nd	Nd3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.323	3
Tm	Tm3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Tm(s)	−2.319	3
Al	Al(OH) 3(s) + 3Template:E-	⇌	Al(s) + 3Template:OH-	−2.31	3
Sm	Sm3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sm(s)	−2.304	3
Fm	FmTemplate:2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Fm	−2.3	2
Am	Am3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Am2+	−2.3	1
Dy	Dy3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.295	3
Lu	Lu3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Lu(s)	−2.28	3
Sc	ScF+ 2 + 2Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sc(s) + 2HF(l)	−2.28	3
Tb	Tb3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Tb(s)	−2.28	3
Gd	Gd3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Gd(s)	−2.279	3
H	H 2(g) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2H−	−2.23	2
Es	Es2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Es(s)	−2.23	2
Pm	Pm2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pm(s)	−2.2	2
Tm	Tm3+ + Template:E-	⇌	TmTemplate:2+	−2.2	1
Dy	Dy2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Dy(s)	−2.2	2
Ac	Ac3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ac(s)	−2.2	3
Yb	Yb3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Yb(s)	−2.19	3
Cf	Cf2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Cf(s)	−2.12	2
Nd	Nd2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Nd(s)	−2.1	2
Ho	Ho2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ho(s)	−2.1	2
Sc	Sc3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sc(s)	−2.077	3
Al	AlF3− 6 + 3Template:E-	⇌	Al(s) + 6F−	−2.069	3
Cm	Cm3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Cm(s)	−2.04	3
Pu	Pu3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Pu(s)	−2.031	3
Pr	Pr2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pr(s)	−2	2
Er	Er2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Er(s)	−2	2
Eu	Eu3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Eu(s)	−1.991	3
Lr	Lr3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Lr	−1.96	3
Cf	Cf3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Cf(s)	−1.94	3
Es	Es3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Es(s)	−1.91	3
Pa	Pa4+ + Template:E-	⇌	Pa3+	−1.9	1
Am	Am2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Am(s)	−1.9	2
Th	Th4+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Th(s)	−1.899	4
Fm	Fm3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Fm	−1.89	3
N	N2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2NH3OH+	−1.87	2
Np	Np3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Np(s)	−1.856	3
Be	Be2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Be(s)	−1.847	2
P	H 2PO− 2 + Template:E-	⇌	P(s) + 2Template:OH-	−1.82	1
U	U3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	U(s)	−1.798	3
Sr	Sr2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sr(Hg)	−1.793	2
B	H 2BO− 3 + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E-	⇌	B(s) + 4Template:OH-	−1.79	3
Th	ThO 2 + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Th(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−1.789	4
Hf	HfO2+ + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Hf(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−1.724	4
P	HPO2− 3 + 2Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E-	⇌	P(s) + 5Template:OH-	−1.71	3
Si	SiO2− 3 + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E-	⇌	Si(s) + 6Template:OH-	−1.697	4
Al	Al3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Al(s)	−1.662	3
Ti	Ti2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.63	2
Zr	ZrO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Zr(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−1.553	4
Zr	Zr4+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Zr(s)	−1.45	4
Ti	Ti3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ti(s)	−1.37	3
Ti	TiO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−1.31	2
B	B(OH)− 4 + 4Template:H2O-nl(l) + 8Template:E-	⇌	BH− 4 + 8Template:OH-	−1.24	8
Ti	Ti 2O 3(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2TiO(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−1.23	2
Ga	GaO(OH)− 2 + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ga(s) + 3Template:OH-	−1.22	3
Zn	Zn(OH)2− 4 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Zn(s) + 4Template:OH-	−1.199	2
Mn	Mn2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Mn(s)	−1.185	2
Fe	Fe(CN)4− 6 + 6Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq)	−1.16	2
C	C(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 2Template:E-	⇌	CH3OH(l) + 2Template:OH-	−1.148	2
Cr	Cr(CN)3− 6 + Template:E-	⇌	Cr(CN)4− 6	−1.143	1
Te	Te(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Te2−	−1.143	2
V	V2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	V(s)	−1.13	2
Nb	Nb3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Nb(s)	−1.099	3
Sn	Sn(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	SnH 4(g)	−1.07	4
Po	Po(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Po2−	−1.021	2
Cr	[Cr(edta)(H2O)]− + Template:E-	⇌	[Cr(edta)(H2O)]2−	−0.99	1
P	2H3PO4(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	(H2PO3)2(aq) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.933	2
C	CO2− 3 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HCO− 2 + Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.93	2
Ti	TiO2+ + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.93	4
Si	SiO 2(quartz) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Si(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−0.909	4
Cr	Cr2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.9	2
B	B(OH) 3(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	B(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl	−0.89	3
Fe	Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Fe(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.89	2
Fe	Fe 2O 3(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.86	2
H	2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2(g) + 2Template:OH-	−0.8277	2
Bi	Bi(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	BiH 3	−0.8	3
Zn	Zn2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Zn(Hg)	−0.7628	2
Zn	Zn2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Zn(s)	−0.7618	2
Ta	Ta 2O 5(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	2Ta(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl	−0.75	10
Cr	Cr3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Cr(s)	−0.74	3
Te	2Te(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Te2− 2	−0.74	2
Ni	Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ni(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.72	2
Nb	Nb 2O 5(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	2Nb(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.7	10
Ag	Ag 2S(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Ag(s) + S2− (aq)	−0.69	2
Te	Te2− 2 + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2H2Te(g)	−0.64	2
Sb	Sb(OH)− 4 + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sb(s) + 4Template:OH-	−0.639	3
Au	[Au(CN) 2]− + Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 2CN−	−0.6	1
Ta	Ta3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ta(s)	−0.6	3
Pb	PbO(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.580	2
Ti	2TiO 2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ti 2O 3(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.56	2
Ga	Ga3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.549	3
U	U4+ + Template:E-	⇌	U3+	−0.52	1
P	H 3PO 2(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	P(white) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−0.508	1
P	H 3PO 3(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 3PO 2(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.499	2
Ni	NiO 2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.49	2
Sb	Sb(OH)− 6 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sb(OH)− 4 + 2Template:OH-	−0.465	2
P	H 3PO 3(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	P(red) + 3Template:H2O-nl	−0.454	3
Bi	Bi2O3(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 6Template:E-	⇌	Bi(s) + 6Template:OH-	−0.452	6
Ta	TaF2− 7 + 7Template:H+ + 5Template:E-	⇌	Ta(s) + 7HF(l)	−0.45	5
In	In3+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	In+	−0.444	2
Cu	Cu(CN)− 2 + Template:E-	⇌	Cu(s) + 2CN−	−0.44	1
Fe	Fe2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.44	2
C	2CO 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HOOCCOOH(aq)	−0.43	2
Cr	Cr3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Cr2+	−0.407	1
Cd	Cd2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Cd(s)	−0.4	2
Ti	Ti3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ti2+	−0.37	1
Cu	Cu 2O(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Cu(s) + 2Template:OH-	−0.36	2
Pb	PbSO 4(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb(s) + SO2− 4	−0.3588	2
Pb	PbSO 4(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb(Hg) + SO2− 4	−0.3505	2
Eu	Eu3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Eu2+	−0.35	1
In	In3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	In(s)	−0.34	3
Tl	Tl+ + Template:E-	⇌	Tl(s)	−0.34	1
Ge	Ge(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	GeH 4(g)	−0.29	4
Co	Co2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Co(s)	−0.28	2
P	H 3PO 4(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 3PO 3(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.276	2
N	N2(g) + 8Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	2NH+ 4	−0.27	6
V	V3+ + Template:E-	⇌	V2+	−0.26	1
Ni	Ni2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ni(s)	−0.257	2
S	2HSO− 4 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	S2O2− 6 + 2Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.253	2
As	As(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	AsH 3(g)	−0.23	3
N	N2(g) + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	N2H+ 5	−0.23	4
Ga	Ga+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ga(s)	−0.2	1
Ag	AgI(s) + Template:E-	⇌	Ag(s) + I−	−0.15224	1
Ge	GeO2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Ge(s) + 2H2O(l)	−0.15	4
Mo	MoO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Mo(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−0.15	4
Si	Si(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	SiH 4(g)	−0.14	4
Sn	Sn2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sn(s)	−0.13	2
O	O 2(g) + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	HO• 2(aq)	−0.13	1
In	In+ + Template:E-	⇌	In(s)	−0.126	1
Pb	Pb2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb(s)	−0.126	2
W	WO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	W(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	−0.12	4
Ge	GeO 2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	GeO(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.118	2
P	P(red) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	PH 3(g)	−0.111	3
C	CO 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HCOOH(aq)	−0.11	2
Se	Se(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2Se(g)	−0.11	2
C	CO 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	CO(g) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.11	2
Sn	α-SnO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sn(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.104	2
Cu	Cu(NH 3)+ 2 + Template:E-	⇌	Cu(s) + 2NH 3(aq)	−0.1	1
Nb	Nb2O5(s) + 10Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	2Nb3+ + 5Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.1	4
W	WO 3(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	W(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl	−0.09	6
Sn	SnO 2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	α-SnO(s) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.088	2
Fe	Fe 3O 4(s) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E-	⇌	3Fe(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl	−0.085	8
V	VOH2+ + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	V2+ + Template:H2O-nl(l)	−0.082	1
P	P(white) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	PH 3(g)	−0.063	3
N	N2O(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	2NH3OH+	−0.05	4
Fe	Fe3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Fe(s)	−0.04	3
C	HCOOH(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HCHO(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	−0.034	2
H	2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2(g)	0	2
Ag	AgBr(s) + Template:E-	⇌	Ag(s) + Br−	0.07133	1
S	S 4O2− 6 + 2Template:E-	⇌	2S 2O2− 3	0.08	2
N	N 2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	2NH 4OH(aq)	0.092	6
Hg	HgO(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	Hg(l) + 2Template:OH-	0.0977	2
Cu	Cu(NH 3)2+ 4 + Template:E-	⇌	Cu(NH 3)+ 2 + 2NH 3(aq)	0.1	1
Ru	Ru(NH 3)3+ 6 + Template:E-	⇌	Ru(NH 3)2+ 6	0.1	1
N	N 2H 4(aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	2NH+ 4 + 4Template:OH-	0.11	2
Mo	H 2MoO 4(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	Mo(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl	0.11	6
Ge	Ge4+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Ge(s)	0.12	4
C	C(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	CH 4(g)	0.13	4
C	HCHO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	CH 3OH(aq)	0.13	2
S	S(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2S(g)	0.144	2
Sb	Sb2O3(s) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	2Sb(s) + 3H2O	0.15	6
Sn	Sn4+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sn2+	0.151	2
S	HSO− 4 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	SO 2(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.158	2
Cu	Cu2+ + Template:E-	⇌	Cu+	0.159	1
U	UO2+ 2 + Template:E-	⇌	UO+ 2	0.163	1
S	SO2− 4 + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	SO 2(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.17	2
Ti	TiO2+ + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ti3+ + Template:H2O-nl	0.19	1
Sb	SbO+ + 2Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Sb(s) + Template:H2O-nl	0.2	3
Fe	3Fe 2O 3(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Fe 3O 4(s) + Template:H2O-nl	0.22	2
Ag	AgCl(s) + Template:E-	⇌	Ag(s) + Cl−	0.22233	1
As	H 3AsO 3(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	As(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl	0.24	3
Ru	Ru3+ (aq) + Template:E-	⇌	Ru2+ (aq)	0.249	1
Pb	PbO2(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	α-PbO(s) + 2Template:OH-	0.254	2
Ge	GeO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ge(s) + Template:H2O-nl	0.26	2
Hg	Hg2Cl2(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Hg(l) + 2Cl−	0.27	2
U	UO+ 2 + 4Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	U4+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.273	1
At	At + Template:E-	⇌	At−	0.3	1
Bi	Bi3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Bi(s)	0.308	3
C	2HCNO + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	(CN)2 + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.330	2
Cu	Cu2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Cu(s)	0.337	2
V	VO2+ + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	V3+ + Template:H2O-nl	0.337	1
Sb	Sb2O4(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sb2O3(s) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.342	2
At	At+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	At−	0.36	2
Fe	[Fe(CN) 6]3− + Template:E-	⇌	[Fe(CN) 6]4−	0.3704	1
C	(CN)2 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2HCN	0.373	2
P	(H2PO3)2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2H3PO3	0.38	2
S	2SO2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	S2O2− 3 + H2O(l)	0.4	2
O	O 2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E-	⇌	4Template:OH-(aq)	0.401	4
Mo	H 2MoO 4 + 6Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Mo3+ + 4Template:H2O-nl	0.43	3
Ru	Ru2+ (aq) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ru	0.455	2
V	VO(OH)+ + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	VOH2+ + Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.481	1
Re	Re3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Re(s)	0.5	3
C	CH 3OH(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	CH 4(g) + Template:H2O-nl	0.5	2
S	SO 2(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	S(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.5	4
S	4SO 2(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	S4O2− 6 + 2Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.51	6
Cu	Cu+ + Template:E-	⇌	Cu(s)	0.52	1
C	CO(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	C(s) + Template:H2O-nl	0.52	2
I	I− 3 + 2Template:E-	⇌	3I−	0.53	2
Te	TeO2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Te(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.53	4
Cu	Cu2+ + Cl− + Template:E-	⇌	CuCl(s)	0.54	1
I	I 2(s) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2I−	0.54	2
Au	[AuI 4]− + 3Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 4I−	0.56	3
As	H 3AsO 4(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 3AsO 3(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	0.56	2
S	S2O2− 6 + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2H2SO3	0.569	2
Au	[AuI 2]− + Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 2I−	0.58	1
Mn	MnO− 4 + 2Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E-	⇌	MnO 2(s) + 4Template:OH-	0.595	3
S	S 2O2− 3 + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	2S(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl	0.6	4
Fe	Fc+ + Template:E-	⇌	Fc(s)	0.63	1
Mo	H 2MoO 4(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	MoO 2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.65	2
N	HN3(aq) + 11Template:H+ + 8Template:E-	⇌	3NH+ 4	0.69	8
O	O 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2O 2(aq)	0.695	2
Sb	Sb2O5(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Sb2O3(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.699	4
C	Error creating thumbnail: + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌		0.6992	2
V	H2V10O4− 28 + 24Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	10VO(OH)+ + 8Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.723	10
Pt	PtCl2− 6 + 2Template:E-	⇌	PtCl2− 4 + 2Cl−	0.726	2
Fe	Fe 2O 3(s) + 6Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Fe2+ + 3Template:H2O-nl	0.728	2
Se	H 2SeO 3(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Se(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl	0.74	4
At	AtO+ + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	At+ + Template:H2O-nl	0.74	2
Tl	Tl3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Tl(s)	0.741	3
No	No3+ + Template:E-	⇌	No2+	0.75	1
Pt	PtCl2− 4 + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pt(s) + 4Cl−	0.758	2
Br	BrO− + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Br− + 2Template:OH-	0.76	2
Po	Po4+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Po	0.76	4
S	(SCN)2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	2SCN−	0.769	2
Fe	Fe3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Fe2+	0.771	1
Hg	Hg2+ 2 + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Hg(l)	0.7973	2
Ag	Ag+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ag(s)	0.7996	1
N	2NO− 3(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	N 2O 4(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.803	2
Fe	2FeO2− 4 + 5Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:E-	⇌	Fe 2O 3(s) + 10Template:OH-	0.81	6
Au	[AuBr 4]− + 3Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 4Br−	0.85	3
Hg	Hg2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Hg(l)	0.85	2
Ir	[IrCl 6]2− + Template:E-	⇌	[IrCl 6]3−	0.87	1
Mn	MnO− 4 + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	HMnO− 4	0.9	1
Po	Po4+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Po2+	0.9	2
Hg	2Hg2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Hg2+ 2	0.91	2
Pd	Pd2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pd(s)	0.915	2
Au	[AuCl 4]− + 3Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 4Cl−	0.93	3
N	NO− 3 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HNO2(aq)	0.94	2
Mn	MnO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Mn3+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	0.95	1
N	NO− 3(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	NO(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.958	3
Au	[AuBr 2]− + Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 2Br−	0.96	1
Fe	Fe 3O 4(s) + 8Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	3Fe2+ + 4Template:H2O-nl	0.98	2
Xe	[HXeO 6]3− + 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E-	⇌	[HXeO 4]− + 4Template:OH-	0.99	2
N	HNO2(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	NO(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	0.996	1
At	HAtO + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	At + Template:H2O-nl	1.0	1
V	[VO 2]+ (aq) + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	[VO]2+ (aq) + Template:H2O-nl	1	1
Te	H 6TeO 6(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	TeO 2(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl	1.02	2
N	NO2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	NO(g) + H2O(l)	1.03	2
Br	Br− 3 + 2Template:E-	⇌	3Br−	1.05	2
Sb	Sb2O5(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Sb2O4(s) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.055	2
I	ICl− 2 + Template:E-	⇌	2Cl− + I(s)	1.06	1
Br	Br 2(l) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Br−	1.066	2
N	N2O4(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2HNO2	1.07	2
Br	Br 2(aq) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Br−	1.0873	2
Ru	RuO 2 + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ru2+ (aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.120	2
Cu	Cu2+ + 2CN− + Template:E-	⇌	Cu(CN)− 2	1.12	1
I	IO− 3 + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	HIO(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.13	4
O	H2O2(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Template:H2O-nl(l) + HO•	1.14	1
Au	[AuCl 2]− + Template:E-	⇌	Au(s) + 2Cl−	1.15	1
Se	HSeO− 4 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	H 2SeO 3(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	1.15	2
Ag	Ag 2O(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Ag(s) + Template:H2O-nl	1.17	2
Cl	ClO− 3 + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	ClO 2(g) + Template:H2O-nl	1.175	1
Xe	[HXeO 6]3− + 5Template:H2O-nl + 8Template:E-	⇌	Xe(g) + 11Template:OH-	1.18	8
Pt	Pt2+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pt(s)	1.188	2
Cl	ClO 2(g) + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	HClO 2(aq)	1.19	1
I	2IO− 3 + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	I 2(s) + 6Template:H2O-nl	1.2	10
Mn	MnO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Mn2+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.224	2
O	O 2(g) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	2Template:H2O-nl	1.229	4
N	N2H+ 5 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2NH+ 4	1.28	2
Cl	ClO− 4 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	ClO− 3 + Template:H2O-nl	1.23	2
Ru	[Ru(bipy) 3]3+ + Template:E-	⇌	[Ru(bipy) 3]2+	1.24	1
Xe	[HXeO 4]− + 3Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:E-	⇌	Xe(g) + 7Template:OH-	1.24	6
N	2NO− 3 + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	N2(g) + 6Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.25	10
Tl	Tl3+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Tl+	1.25	2
N	2HNO2(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	N2O(g) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.297	4
Cr	Cr 2O2− 7 + 14Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	2Cr3+ + 7Template:H2O-nl	1.33	6
N	NH3OH+ + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	NH+ 4 + Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.35	2
Cl	Cl 2(g) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Cl−	1.36	2
Ru	RuO− 4(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 5Template:E-	⇌	Ru2+ (aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl	1.368	5
Ru	RuO 4 + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	RuO 2 + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.387	4
Co	CoO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Co3+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.42	1
N	2NH 3OH+ + Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	N 2H+ 5 + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.42	2
I	2HIO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	I 2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.44	2
Br	BrO− 3 + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	HBrO(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.447	4
Pb	β-PbO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb2+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.46	2
Pb	α-PbO 2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb2+ + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.468	2
Br	2BrO− 3 + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E-	⇌	Br 2(l) + 6Template:H2O-nl	1.48	10
At	HAtO3 + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	HAtO + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.5	4
Mn	MnO− 4 + 8Template:H+ + 5Template:E-	⇌	Mn2+ + 4Template:H2O-nl	1.51	5
O	HO• 2 + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	H 2O 2(aq)	1.51	1
Au	Au3+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Au(s)	1.52	3
Ru	RuO2− 4(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	Ru2+ (aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl	1.563	4
N	2NO(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	N2O(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.59	2
Ni	NiO 2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Ni2+ + 2Template:OH-	1.59	2
Ce	Ce4+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ce3+	1.61	1
Cl	2HClO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Cl 2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.63	2
I	IO− 4 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	IO− 3 + Template:H2O-nl	1.64	2
Ag	Ag 2O 3(s) + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E-	⇌	2Ag+ + 3Template:H2O-nl	1.67	4
Cl	HClO 2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	HClO(aq) + Template:H2O-nl	1.67	2
Pb	Pb4+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Pb2+	1.69	2
Mn	MnO− 4 + 4Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	MnO 2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	1.7	3
Br	BrO− 4 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	BrO− 3 + Template:H2O-nl	1.74	2
Ag	AgO(s) + 2Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ag+ + Template:H2O-nl	1.77	1
N	N2O(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	N2(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l)	1.77	2
O	H 2O 2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2Template:H2O-nl	1.78	2
Au	Au+ + Template:E-	⇌	Au(s)	1.83	1
Co	Co3+ + Template:E-	⇌	Co2+	1.92	1
Ag	Ag2+ + Template:E-	⇌	Ag+	1.98	1
O	S 2O2− 8 + 2Template:E-	⇌	2SO2− 4	2.01	2
O	O 3(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	O 2(g) + Template:H2O-nl	2.075	2
Mn	HMnO− 4 + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	MnO 2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl	2.09	2
Xe	XeO 3(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E-	⇌	Xe(g) + 3Template:H2O-nl	2.12	6
Xe	H 4XeO 6(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E-	⇌	Xe(g) + 6Template:H2O-nl	2.18	8
Fe	FeO2− 4 + 8Template:H+ + 3Template:E-	⇌	Fe3+ + 4Template:H2O-nl	2.2	3
Xe	XeF 2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)	2.32	2
O	HO• + Template:H+ + Template:E-	⇌	Template:H2O-nl(l)	2.38	1
Xe	H 4XeO 6(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	XeO 3(aq) + 3Template:H2O-nl	2.42	2
F	F 2(g) + 2Template:E-	⇌	2F−	2.87	2
Cm	Cm4+ + e–	⇌	Cm3+	3.0	1
F	F 2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E-	⇌	2HF(aq)	3.077	2
Tb	Tb4+ + e–	⇌	Tb3+	3.1	1
Pr	Pr4+ + e–	⇌	Pr3+	3.2	1
Kr	KrF 2(aq) + 2Template:E-	⇌	Kr(g) + 2F− (aq)	3.27	2

See also

• Galvanic series lists electrode potentials in saltwater
• Standard apparent reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH 7
• Reactivity series#Comparison with standard electrode potentials

External links

• http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
• https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1