Arcturus: Difference between revisions
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imported>PlanetaNovem Added category Lucidae. |
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| caption=Arcturus in the constellation of Boötes (circled) | | caption=Arcturus in the constellation of Boötes (circled) | ||
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| type = [[Red giant branch]]<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | | type = [[Red giant branch]]<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
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{{Starbox astrometry | {{Starbox astrometry | ||
| radial_v =−5.19<ref name=massarotti2008/> | | radial_v =−5.19<ref name=massarotti2008/> | ||
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{{Starbox detail | {{Starbox detail | ||
| mass ={{val|1.08|0.06}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | | mass ={{val|1.08|0.06}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
| radius ={{val|25.4|0.2}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | | radius ={{val|25.4|0.2}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
| luminosity =170<ref name=aaa465_2_593/> | | luminosity =170<ref name=aaa465_2_593/> | ||
| gravity ={{val|1.66|0.05}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | |||
| temperature ={{val|4286|30|fmt=commas}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | | temperature ={{val|4286|30|fmt=commas}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
| | | metal_fe ={{val|-0.52|0.04}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
| rotation ={{val|2.0|0.2|u=years}}<ref name=Gray2006/> | |||
| rotational_velocity ={{val|2.4|1.0}}<ref name=aj135_3_892/> | |||
| age_gyr ={{val|7.1|+1.5|-1.2}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | | age_gyr ={{val|7.1|+1.5|-1.2}}<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Starbox catalog | {{Starbox catalog | ||
| names={{odlist | name= | | names={{odlist | name=Arcturus | name2=Svati | name3=Hōkūleʻa | B=α Boötis, Alpha Boo, α Boo | F=16 Boötis | BD=+19°2777 | GJ=541 | HD=124897 | HIP=69673 | HR=5340 | SAO=100944 | PLX=3242.00 | LHS=48 }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Starbox reference | {{Starbox reference | ||
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| ARICNS = | | ARICNS = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Starbox end}} | {{Starbox end}} | ||
'''Arcturus''' is a [[red giant]] star in the [[Northern celestial hemisphere|northern]] [[constellation]] of [[Boötes]], and the brightest star in the constellation. It has the [[Bayer designation]] '''α Boötis''', which is [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] to '''Alpha Boötis''' and abbreviated ''' | '''Arcturus''' is a [[red giant]] star in the [[Northern celestial hemisphere|northern]] [[constellation]] of [[Boötes]], and the brightest star in the constellation. It has the [[Bayer designation]] '''α Boötis''', which is [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] to '''Alpha Boötis''' and abbreviated '''Alpha Boo''' or '''α Boo'''. With an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of −0.05,<ref name=ducati/> it is the [[List of brightest stars|fourth-brightest]] star in the [[night sky]] and the brightest in the [[northern celestial hemisphere]]. Arcturus forms one corner of the [[Spring Triangle]] [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]. | ||
Located relatively close at 36.7 [[light-year]]s from the [[Sun]], Arcturus is a [[red giant]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral type]] K1.5III—an aging star around 7.1 billion years old that has used up its [[Stellar core|core]] [[hydrogen]] and [[stellar evolution|evolved]] off the [[main sequence]]. It is about the same mass [[Solar mass|as the Sun]], but has expanded to 25 times [[Solar radius|its size]] (around 35 million kilometers) and is around 170 times as luminous. | Located relatively close at 36.7 [[light-year]]s from the [[Sun]], Arcturus is a [[red giant]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral type]] K1.5III—an aging star around 7.1 billion years old that has used up its [[Stellar core|core]] [[hydrogen]] and [[stellar evolution|evolved]] off the [[main sequence]]. It is about the same mass [[Solar mass|as the Sun]], but has expanded to 25 times [[Solar radius|its size]] (around 35 million kilometers) and is around 170 times as luminous. | ||
==Nomenclature== | ==Nomenclature== | ||
The traditional name ''Arcturus'' is Latinised from the [[ancient Greek]] ''Ἀρκτοῦρος'' (Arktouros) and means "Guardian of the Bear",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29arktou%3Dros |title=Ἀρκτοῦρος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | work=A Greek-English Lexicon | access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> ultimately from ''ἄρκτος'' (''arktos''), "bear"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Frktos |title=ἄρκτος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | work=A Greek-English Lexicon | access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> and ''οὖρος'' (ouros), "watcher, guardian".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dou%29%3Dros2 |title=οὖρος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott |work=A Greek-English Lexicon| access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> As ''ἄρκτος'' also came to mean "north", the name can also translate to "Guardian of the North".<ref name="IAU-CSN-new">{{cite web |title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |url=https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> | The traditional name ''Arcturus'' is Latinised from the [[ancient Greek]] ''Ἀρκτοῦρος'' (Arktouros) and means "Guardian of the Bear",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29arktou%3Dros |title=Ἀρκτοῦρος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | work=A Greek-English Lexicon | access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> ultimately from ''ἄρκτος'' (''arktos''), "bear"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Frktos |title=ἄρκτος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | work=A Greek-English Lexicon | access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> and ''οὖρος'' (ouros), "watcher, guardian".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dou%29%3Dros2 |title=οὖρος | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott |work=A Greek-English Lexicon| access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> As ''ἄρκτος'' also came to mean "north", the name can also translate to "Guardian of the North".<ref name="IAU-CSN-new">{{cite web |title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |url=https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/ |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
The [[Bayer designation|designation]] of Arcturus as ''α Boötis'' ([[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] to ''Alpha Boötis'') was made by [[Johann Bayer]] in 1603. In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[IAU Working Group on Star Names|Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included ''Arcturus'' for α Boötis.<ref name="WGSN1" /><ref name="IAU-CSN" /> | The [[Bayer designation|designation]] of Arcturus as ''α Boötis'' ([[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] to ''Alpha Boötis'') was made by [[Johann Bayer]] in 1603. In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[IAU Working Group on Star Names|Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included ''Arcturus'' for α Boötis.<ref name="WGSN1"/><ref name="IAU-CSN"/> | ||
==Observational history== | ==Observational history== | ||
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With an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of −0.05, Arcturus is the brightest star in the [[northern celestial hemisphere]] and the [[list of brightest stars|fourth-brightest star]] in the night sky,<ref name=100greatest/> after [[Sirius]] (−1.46 apparent magnitude), [[Canopus (star)|Canopus]] (−0.72) and [[α Centauri]] (combined magnitude of −0.27). However, α Centauri AB is a [[binary star]], whose components are each fainter than Arcturus. This makes Arcturus the third-brightest individual star, just ahead of α Centauri A (officially named ''Rigil Kentaurus''), whose apparent magnitude {{nobr|is −0.01}}.<ref name=schaaf/> Arcturus has been seen at or just before sunset with the naked eye.<ref name=schaaf/> | With an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of −0.05, Arcturus is the brightest star in the [[northern celestial hemisphere]] and the [[list of brightest stars|fourth-brightest star]] in the night sky,<ref name=100greatest/> after [[Sirius]] (−1.46 apparent magnitude), [[Canopus (star)|Canopus]] (−0.72) and [[α Centauri]] (combined magnitude of −0.27). However, α Centauri AB is a [[binary star]], whose components are each fainter than Arcturus. This makes Arcturus the third-brightest individual star, just ahead of α Centauri A (officially named ''Rigil Kentaurus''), whose apparent magnitude {{nobr|is −0.01}}.<ref name=schaaf/> Arcturus has been seen at or just before sunset with the naked eye.<ref name=schaaf/> | ||
Arcturus is visible from both of [[Earth]]'s hemispheres as it is located 19° north of the [[celestial equator]]. The star [[culmination|culminates]] at midnight on April 27, and at 9 p.m. on June 10 being visible during the late northern spring or the southern autumn.<ref>Schaaf, p. 257.</ref> From the [[ | Arcturus is visible from both of [[Earth]]'s hemispheres as it is located 19° north of the [[celestial equator]]. The star [[culmination|culminates]] at midnight on April 27, and at 9 p.m. on June 10 being visible during the late northern spring or the southern autumn.<ref>Schaaf, p. 257.</ref> From the [[Northern Hemisphere]], an easy way to find Arcturus is to follow the arc of the handle of the [[Big Dipper]] (or Plough in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]). By continuing in this path, one can find [[Spica]], "Arc to Arcturus, then spike (or speed on) to Spica".<ref name=rao2007/><ref name=earthsky/> Together with the bright stars [[Spica]] and [[Regulus]] (or [[Denebola]], depending on the source), Arcturus is part of the [[Spring Triangle]] [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]]. With [[Cor Caroli]], these four stars form the [[Great Diamond]] asterism. | ||
Arcturus has a B-V color index of +1.23, roughly midway between [[Pollux (star)|Pollux]] (B-V +1.00) and [[Aldebaran]] (B-V +1.54).<ref name=schaaf/> | Arcturus has a B-V color index of +1.23, roughly midway between [[Pollux (star)|Pollux]] (B-V +1.00) and [[Aldebaran]] (B-V +1.54).<ref name=schaaf/> | ||
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==Physical characteristics== | ==Physical characteristics== | ||
[[File:Arcturus (optical).png|thumb|right|Optical image of Arcturus (DSS2 / MAST / STScI / NASA)]] | [[File:Arcturus (optical).png|thumb|right|Optical image of Arcturus (DSS2 / MAST / STScI / NASA)]] | ||
Based upon an annual [[stellar parallax|parallax]] shift of 88.83 [[ | Based upon an annual [[stellar parallax|parallax]] shift of 88.83 [[milliarcsecond]]s, as measured by the [[Hipparcos]] satellite, Arcturus is {{Convert|11.26|pc|ly|abbr=off|lk=on|order=flip}} from Earth. The parallax [[margin of error]] is 0.54 milliarcseconds, translating to a distance margin of error of ±{{Convert|0.069|pc|ly|abbr=off|order=flip}}.<ref name="vanLeeuwen2007"/> Because of its proximity, Arcturus has a high [[proper motion]], two [[Minute and second of arc#Astronomy|arcseconds]] a year, greater than any [[first magnitude star]] other than α Centauri. It is [[list of nearest giant stars|the second-closest giant star]] to Earth, after [[Pollux (star)|Pollux]]. | ||
Arcturus is moving rapidly ({{cvt|122|km/s | Arcturus is moving rapidly ({{cvt|122|km/s|disp=or}}) relative to the Sun, and is now almost at its closest point to the Sun. Closest approach will happen in about 4,000 years, when the star will be a few hundredths of a light-year closer to Earth than it is today. (In antiquity, Arcturus was closer to the centre of the constellation.<ref name=rogers982/>) Arcturus is thought to be an [[old-disk star]],<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> and appears to be moving with a group of 52 other such stars, known as the [[Arcturus stream]].<ref name=ramya/> | ||
With an [[absolute magnitude]] of −0.30, Arcturus is, together with [[Vega]] and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is about 110 times brighter than the Sun in visible light wavelengths, but this underestimates its strength as much of the light it gives off is in the [[infrared]]; total ([[Bolometric correction|bolometric]]) power output is about 180 times that of the Sun. With a near-infrared [[J band (infrared)|J band]] [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] of −2.2, only [[Betelgeuse]] (−2.9) and [[R Doradus]] (−2.6) are brighter. The lower output in visible light is due to a lower [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]] as the star has a lower [[effective temperature|surface temperature]] than the Sun. | With an [[absolute magnitude]] of −0.30, Arcturus is, together with [[Vega]] and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is about 110 times brighter than the Sun in visible light wavelengths, but this underestimates its strength as much of the light it gives off is in the [[infrared]]; total ([[Bolometric correction|bolometric]]) power output is about 180 times that of the Sun. With a near-infrared [[J band (infrared)|J band]] [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] of −2.2, only [[Betelgeuse]] (−2.9) and [[R Doradus]] (−2.6) are brighter. The lower output in visible light is due to a lower [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]] as the star has a lower [[effective temperature|surface temperature]] than the Sun. | ||
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Arcturus is estimated to be around 6 to 8.5 billion years old,<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> but there is some uncertainty about its evolutionary status.<ref name=Pavlenko2008/> Based upon the [[Color index|color characteristics]] of Arcturus, it is currently ascending the [[red-giant branch]] and will continue to do so until it accumulates a large enough degenerate helium [[Stellar core|core]] to ignite the [[helium flash]].<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> It has likely exhausted the [[hydrogen]] from its core and is now in its active [[red giant|hydrogen shell burning]] phase. However, Charbonnel et al. (1998) placed it slightly above the [[horizontal branch]], and suggested it has already completed the helium flash stage.<ref name=Pavlenko2008/> | Arcturus is estimated to be around 6 to 8.5 billion years old,<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> but there is some uncertainty about its evolutionary status.<ref name=Pavlenko2008/> Based upon the [[Color index|color characteristics]] of Arcturus, it is currently ascending the [[red-giant branch]] and will continue to do so until it accumulates a large enough degenerate helium [[Stellar core|core]] to ignite the [[helium flash]].<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011/> It has likely exhausted the [[hydrogen]] from its core and is now in its active [[red giant|hydrogen shell burning]] phase. However, Charbonnel et al. (1998) placed it slightly above the [[horizontal branch]], and suggested it has already completed the helium flash stage.<ref name=Pavlenko2008/> | ||
[[File:Sun to Arcturus comparison.jpg|thumb|Size comparison between the [[Sun]], [[Beta Ursae Majoris]], [[Pollux (star)|Pollux]], and Arcturus | [[File:Sun to Arcturus comparison.jpg|thumb|Size comparison between the [[Sun]], [[Beta Ursae Majoris]], [[Pollux (star)|Pollux]], and Arcturus]] | ||
===Spectrum=== | ===Spectrum=== | ||
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===Search for planets=== | ===Search for planets=== | ||
[[Hipparcos]] satellite [[astrometry]] suggested that Arcturus is a [[binary star]], with the companion about twenty times dimmer than the primary and orbiting close enough to be at the | [[Hipparcos]] satellite [[astrometry]] suggested that Arcturus is a [[binary star]], with the companion about twenty times dimmer than the primary and orbiting close enough to be at the limits of resolution with current technology. Recent results remain inconclusive, but do support the marginal ''Hipparcos'' detection of a binary companion.<ref name=verhoelst2005/> | ||
In 1993, radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Arcturus exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a ''substellar companion''. This [[substellar object]] would be nearly 12 times the [[mass of Jupiter]] and be located roughly at the same orbital distance from Arcturus as the Earth is from the Sun, at 1.1 [[astronomical unit]]s. However, all three stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion. So far, no substellar companion has been confirmed.<ref name=Kgiants/> | In 1993, radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Arcturus exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a ''substellar companion''. This [[substellar object]] would be nearly 12 times the [[mass of Jupiter]] and be located roughly at the same orbital distance from Arcturus as the Earth is from the Sun, at 1.1 [[astronomical unit]]s. However, all three stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion. So far, no substellar companion has been confirmed.<ref name=Kgiants/> | ||
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==Cultural significance== | ==Cultural significance== | ||
As one of the [[List of brightest stars|brightest stars]] in the sky, Arcturus has been significant to observers since antiquity. | As one of the [[List of brightest stars|brightest stars]] in the sky, Arcturus has been significant to observers since antiquity. | ||
The [[Book of Job]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] contains two mentions of Arcturus. It is mentioned alongside the constellations [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] and [[Pleiades]] (as well as other undetermined possible stellar bodies).<ref>https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%209%3A9&version=KJV</ref><ref>https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2038%3A32&version=KJV</ref> | |||
In ancient [[Mesopotamia]], it was linked to the god [[Enlil]], and also known as Shudun, "yoke",<ref name=rogers982/> or SHU-PA of unknown derivation in the ''Three Stars Each'' [[Babylonian star catalogues]] and later [[MUL.APIN]] around 1100 BC.<ref name=rogers1998/> | In ancient [[Mesopotamia]], it was linked to the god [[Enlil]], and also known as Shudun, "yoke",<ref name=rogers982/> or SHU-PA of unknown derivation in the ''Three Stars Each'' [[Babylonian star catalogues]] and later [[MUL.APIN]] around 1100 BC.<ref name=rogers1998/> | ||
In ancient Greek, the star is found in ancient astronomical literature, e.g. Hesiod's ''Work and Days'', circa 700 BC,<ref name=rogers982/> as well as Hipparchus's and Ptolemy's star catalogs. The folk-etymology connecting the star name with the bears (Greek: ἄρκτος, arktos) was probably invented much later.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Star-names and Their Meanings |publisher=Richard Hinckley Allen |orig-year=1899 |year=2015|isbn=9789333375757 |edition=1st}}</ref> It fell out of use in favour of Arabic names until it was revived in the [[Renaissance]].<ref name=kunitzsch/> Arcturus is also mentioned in Plato's "Laws" (844e) as a herald for the season of vintage, specifically figs and grapes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Laws, Book 8 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0166:book=8 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website= | In ancient Greek, the star is found in ancient astronomical literature, e.g. Hesiod's ''Work and Days'', circa 700 BC,<ref name=rogers982/> as well as Hipparchus's and Ptolemy's star catalogs. The folk-etymology connecting the star name with the bears (Greek: ἄρκτος, arktos) was probably invented much later.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Star-names and Their Meanings |publisher=Richard Hinckley Allen |orig-year=1899 |year=2015|isbn=9789333375757 |edition=1st}}</ref> It fell out of use in favour of Arabic names until it was revived in the [[Renaissance]].<ref name=kunitzsch/> Arcturus is also mentioned in Plato's "Laws" (844e) as a herald for the season of vintage, specifically figs and grapes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plato, Laws, Book 8 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0166:book=8 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref> | ||
[[File:CometDonati.jpg|thumb|Arcturus next to the head of [[Comet Donati]] in 1858]] | [[File:CometDonati.jpg|thumb|Arcturus next to the head of [[Comet Donati]] in 1858]] | ||
In [[Arabic]], Arcturus is one of two stars called ''al-simāk'' "the uplifted ones" (the other is [[Spica]]). Arcturus is specified as السماك الرامح ''as-simāk ar-rāmiħ'' "the uplifted one of the lancer". The term ''Al Simak Al Ramih'' has appeared in Al Achsasi Al Mouakket catalogue (translated into [[Latin]] as ''Al Simak Lanceator'').<ref name=knobel1895/> This has been variously [[ | In [[Arabic]], Arcturus is one of two stars called ''al-simāk'' "the uplifted ones" (the other is [[Spica]]). Arcturus is specified as السماك الرامح ''as-simāk ar-rāmiħ'' "the uplifted one of the lancer". The term ''Al Simak Al Ramih'' has appeared in Al Achsasi Al Mouakket catalogue (translated into [[Latin]] as ''Al Simak Lanceator'').<ref name=knobel1895/> This has been variously [[romanized]] in the past, leading to obsolete variants such as ''Aramec'' and ''Azimech''. For example, the name ''Alramih'' is used in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[A Treatise on the Astrolabe]]'' (1391). Another Arabic name is ''Haris-el-sema'', from ''حارس السماء'' ''ħāris al-samā{{'}}'' "the keeper of heaven".<ref name=arabicstar/><ref name=allen/><ref name=arabicdict/> or ''حارس الشمال'' ''ħāris al-shamāl{{'}}'' "the keeper of north".<ref name=davis1944/> | ||
In [[Indian astronomy]], Arcturus is called Swati or [[Svati]] (Devanagari स्वाति, Transliteration IAST svāti, svātī́), possibly 'su' + 'ati' ("great goer", in reference to its remoteness) meaning very beneficent. It has been referred to as "the real pearl" in [[Bhartṛhari]]'s kāvyas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Olcott |first=William Tyler |date=2004 |title=Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIatz2DGXQwC |location=Mineola, New York |publisher=Dover Publications Inc. |pages=77–78|isbn=978-0-8021-4877-3}}</ref> | In [[Indian astronomy]], Arcturus is called Swati or [[Svati]] (Devanagari स्वाति, Transliteration IAST svāti, svātī́), possibly 'su' + 'ati' ("great goer", in reference to its remoteness) meaning very beneficent. It has been referred to as "the real pearl" in [[Bhartṛhari]]'s kāvyas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Olcott |first=William Tyler |date=2004 |title=Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIatz2DGXQwC |location=Mineola, New York |publisher=Dover Publications Inc. |pages=77–78|isbn=978-0-8021-4877-3}}</ref> | ||
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The [[Wotjobaluk people|Wotjobaluk]] [[Koori]] people of southeastern Australia knew Arcturus as ''Marpean-kurrk'', mother of ''Djuit'' ([[Antares]]) and another star in Boötes, ''Weet-kurrk''<ref name=mud/> (Muphrid).<ref name=hamacher10/> Its appearance in the north signified the arrival of the larvae of the [[wood ant]] (a food item) in spring. The beginning of summer was marked by the star's setting with the Sun in the west and the disappearance of the larvae.<ref name=mud/> The people of [[Milingimbi Island]] in [[Arnhem Land]] saw Arcturus and Muphrid as man and woman, and took the appearance of Arcturus at sunrise as a sign to go and harvest ''rakia'' or [[spikerush]].<ref name=noctuary/> The [[Weilwan]] of northern New South Wales knew Arcturus as ''Guembila'' "red".<ref name="noctuary"/>{{rp|84}} | The [[Wotjobaluk people|Wotjobaluk]] [[Koori]] people of southeastern Australia knew Arcturus as ''Marpean-kurrk'', mother of ''Djuit'' ([[Antares]]) and another star in Boötes, ''Weet-kurrk''<ref name=mud/> (Muphrid).<ref name=hamacher10/> Its appearance in the north signified the arrival of the larvae of the [[wood ant]] (a food item) in spring. The beginning of summer was marked by the star's setting with the Sun in the west and the disappearance of the larvae.<ref name=mud/> The people of [[Milingimbi Island]] in [[Arnhem Land]] saw Arcturus and Muphrid as man and woman, and took the appearance of Arcturus at sunrise as a sign to go and harvest ''rakia'' or [[spikerush]].<ref name=noctuary/> The [[Weilwan]] of northern New South Wales knew Arcturus as ''Guembila'' "red".<ref name="noctuary"/>{{rp|84}} | ||
Prehistoric [[Polynesian navigation|Polynesian navigators]] knew Arcturus as ''Hōkūleʻa'', the "Star of Joy". Arcturus is the [[zenith]] star of the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. Using Hōkūleʻa and other stars, the Polynesians launched their double-hulled canoes from [[Tahiti]] and the [[Marquesas Islands]]. Traveling east and north they eventually crossed the [[equator]] and reached the [[latitude]] at which Arcturus would appear directly overhead in the summer night sky. Knowing they had arrived at the exact latitude of the island chain, they sailed due west on the [[trade winds]] to landfall. If Hōkūleʻa could be kept directly overhead, they landed on the southeastern shores of the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] of Hawaii. For a return trip to Tahiti the navigators could use Sirius, the zenith star of that island. Since 1976, the [[Polynesian Voyaging Society]]'s ''[[Hōkūleʻa]]'' has crossed the Pacific Ocean many times under navigators who have incorporated this [[wayfinding]] technique in their non-instrument navigation. The crew's successful landing in [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]], New Zealand on December 1985 earned them [[iwi]]hood under the name of {{lang|mi|Ngāti Ruawāhia}} ( | Prehistoric [[Polynesian navigation|Polynesian navigators]] knew Arcturus as ''Hōkūleʻa'', the "Star of Joy". Arcturus is the [[zenith]] star of the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. Using Hōkūleʻa and other stars, the Polynesians launched their double-hulled canoes from [[Tahiti]] and the [[Marquesas Islands]]. Traveling east and north they eventually crossed the [[equator]] and reached the [[latitude]] at which Arcturus would appear directly overhead in the summer night sky. Knowing they had arrived at the exact latitude of the island chain, they sailed due west on the [[trade winds]] to landfall. If Hōkūleʻa could be kept directly overhead, they landed on the southeastern shores of the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] of Hawaii. For a return trip to Tahiti the navigators could use Sirius, the zenith star of that island. Since 1976, the [[Polynesian Voyaging Society]]'s ''[[Hōkūleʻa]]'' has crossed the Pacific Ocean many times under navigators who have incorporated this [[wayfinding]] technique in their non-instrument navigation. The crew's successful landing in [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]], New Zealand on December 1985 earned them [[iwi]]hood under the name of {{lang|mi|Ngāti Ruawāhia}} ("Tribe of the Arcturus" in Māori).<ref>{{cite web |title=Moananuiākea: Aotearoa |url=https://kaiwakiloumoku.ksbe.edu/aotearoa-ngati-ruawahia |website=Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center |publisher=[[Kamehameha Schools]] |access-date=21 June 2025 }}<br/>– {{cite web |title=Ngāti Ruawāhia, The Sixth Tribe of Tai Tokerau Convenes at Aurere |date=Feb 10, 2018|url=https://kaiwakiloumoku.ksbe.edu/assets/img/content/moananuiakea/Ngati-Ruawahia-History.pdf}}</ref> | ||
Arcturus had several other names that described its significance to indigenous [[Polynesia]]ns. In the [[Society Islands]], Arcturus, called ''Ana-tahua-taata-metua-te-tupu-mavae'' ("a pillar to stand by"), was one of the ten "pillars of the sky", bright stars that represented the ten heavens of the [[Tahiti]]an afterlife.<!--{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=199}}--><ref name="makemson"/> In [[Hawaii]], the pattern of Boötes was called ''Hoku-iwa'', meaning "stars of the frigatebird". This constellation marked the path for [[Hawaiʻiloa]] on his return to Hawaii from the South Pacific Ocean.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=209}} The Hawaiians called Arcturus ''Hoku-leʻa''.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=280}} It was equated to the [[Tuamotus|Tuamotuan]] constellation ''Te Kiva'', meaning "[[frigatebird]]", which could either represent the figure of Boötes or just Arcturus.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=221}} However, Arcturus may instead be the Tuamotuan star called ''Turu''.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=264}} The Hawaiian name for Arcturus as a single star was likely ''Hoku-leʻa'', which means "star of gladness", or "clear star".{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=210}} In the [[Marquesas Islands]], Arcturus was probably called ''Tau-tou'' and was the star that ruled the month approximating January. The [[Māori people|Māori]] and [[Moriori]] called it ''Tautoru'', a variant of the Marquesan name and a name shared with [[Orion's Belt]].{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=260}} | Arcturus had several other names that described its significance to indigenous [[Polynesia]]ns. In the [[Society Islands]], Arcturus, called ''Ana-tahua-taata-metua-te-tupu-mavae'' ("a pillar to stand by"), was one of the ten "pillars of the sky", bright stars that represented the ten heavens of the [[Tahiti]]an afterlife.<!--{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=199}}--><ref name="makemson"/> In [[Hawaii]], the pattern of Boötes was called ''Hoku-iwa'', meaning "stars of the frigatebird". This constellation marked the path for [[Hawaiʻiloa]] on his return to Hawaii from the South Pacific Ocean.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=209}} The Hawaiians called Arcturus ''Hoku-leʻa''.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=280}} It was equated to the [[Tuamotus|Tuamotuan]] constellation ''Te Kiva'', meaning "[[frigatebird]]", which could either represent the figure of Boötes or just Arcturus.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=221}} However, Arcturus may instead be the Tuamotuan star called ''Turu''.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=264}} The Hawaiian name for Arcturus as a single star was likely ''Hoku-leʻa'', which means "star of gladness", or "clear star".{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=210}} In the [[Marquesas Islands]], Arcturus was probably called ''Tau-tou'' and was the star that ruled the month approximating January. The [[Māori people|Māori]] and [[Moriori]] called it ''Tautoru'', a variant of the Marquesan name and a name shared with [[Orion's Belt]].{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=260}} | ||
In [[Inuit astronomy]], Arcturus is called the Old Man (''Uttuqalualuk'' in [[Inuit languages]]) and The First Ones (''Sivulliik'' in Inuit languages).<ref name=guide/> | In [[Inuit astronomy]], Arcturus is called the Old Man (''Uttuqalualuk'' in [[Inuit languages]]) and The First Ones (''Sivulliik'' in Inuit languages).<ref name=guide/> The [[Mi'kmaq]] of eastern Canada saw Arcturus as ''Kookoogwéss'', the owl.<ref name=hagar1900/> | ||
The [[ | The [[Sámi people]] call Arcturus ''Fávdna'', a hunter pursuing ''Sarvvis'' or ''Sarvva'', the reindeer or moose, which is a large constellation in [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]], [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]], and [[Auriga]]. The handle of the [[Big Dipper]] is ''Fávdnadávgi'', Fávdna's bow.<ref name=Sarvvis/><ref name=northernlights/> | ||
Early-20th-century Armenian scientist [[Nazaret Daghavarian]] theorized that the star commonly referred to in [[Armenian folklore]] as ''Gutani astgh'' ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Գութանի աստղ; lit. star of the plow) was in fact Arcturus, as the [[constellation]] of [[Boötes]] was called "Ezogh" ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Եզող; lit. the person who is plowing) by Armenians.<ref name=daghavarian/> | Early-20th-century Armenian scientist [[Nazaret Daghavarian]] theorized that the star commonly referred to in [[Armenian folklore]] as ''Gutani astgh'' ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Գութանի աստղ; lit. star of the plow) was in fact Arcturus, as the [[constellation]] of [[Boötes]] was called "Ezogh" ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Եզող; lit. the person who is plowing) by Armenians.<ref name=daghavarian/> | ||
==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
In [[Ancient Rome]], the star's celestial activity was supposed to portend tempestuous weather, and a personification of the star acts as narrator of the prologue to [[Plautus]]' comedy ''[[Rudens]]'' ( | In [[Ancient Rome]], the star's celestial activity was supposed to portend tempestuous weather, and a personification of the star acts as narrator of the prologue to [[Plautus]]'s comedy ''[[Rudens]]'' (c. 211 BC).<ref name=plautus/><ref name=Lewis_Short_1879/> | ||
The ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]'', compiled at the end of the 4th century or beginning of the 5th century, names one of [[Avalokiteśvara]]s [[Samadhi|meditative absorptions]] as "The face of Arcturus".<ref name=roberts2013/> | The ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]'', compiled at the end of the 4th century or beginning of the 5th century, names one of [[Avalokiteśvara]]s [[Samadhi|meditative absorptions]] as "The face of Arcturus".<ref name=roberts2013/> | ||
One of the possible etymologies offered for the name "[[Arthur]]" assumes that it is derived from "Arcturus" and that the late 5th to early 6th-century figure on whom the myth of [[King Arthur]] is based was originally named for the star.<ref name=Lewis_Short_1879/><ref>{{cite book | last=Zimmer | first=Stefan | title=Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen | language=German | date=February 1, 2006 | page=37 | isbn=978-3825351076 | publisher=Universitätsverlag }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmer | first=Stefan | title=The Name of Arthur – A New Etymology | journal=Journal of Celtic Linguistics | volume=13 | issue=1 | date=March 2009 | publisher=University of Wales Press | pages=131–136 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Walter | first1=Philippe | translator-last=Faccia | translator-first=M. | language= | One of the possible etymologies offered for the name "[[Arthur]]" assumes that it is derived from "Arcturus" and that the late-5th- to early-6th-century figure on whom the myth of [[King Arthur]] is based was originally named for the star.<ref name=Lewis_Short_1879/><ref>{{cite book | last=Zimmer | first=Stefan | title=Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen | language=German | date=February 1, 2006 | page=37 | isbn=978-3825351076 | publisher=Universitätsverlag }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmer | first=Stefan | title=The Name of Arthur – A New Etymology | journal=Journal of Celtic Linguistics | volume=13 | issue=1 | date=March 2009 | publisher=University of Wales Press | pages=131–136 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Walter | first1=Philippe | translator-last=Faccia | translator-first=M. | language=it | title=Artù. L'orso e il re | publisher=Edizioni Arkeios | date=2005 | page=74 | isbn=978-8886495806 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Flint | title=The British sources of the abduction and Grail romances | publisher=University Press of America | date=2002 | pages=38–39 | isbn=978-0761822189 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70nCDxlFgEC&pg=PA38 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Chambers | first=Edmund Kerchever | title=Arthur of Britain | publisher=Speculum Historiale | date=1964 | page=170 |author-link=E. K. Chambers}}</ref> | ||
In the [[Middle Ages]], Arcturus was considered a [[Behenian fixed star]] and attributed to the stone [[jasper]] and the [[Plantago|plantain]] herb. [[Cornelius Agrippa]] listed its [[Kabbalah|kabbalistic]] sign [[Image:Agrippa1531 Alchameth.png]] under the alternate name ''Alchameth''.<ref name=tyson1993/> | In the [[Middle Ages]], Arcturus was considered a [[Behenian fixed star]] and attributed to the stone [[jasper]] and the [[Plantago|plantain]] herb. [[Cornelius Agrippa]] listed its [[Kabbalah|kabbalistic]] sign [[Image:Agrippa1531 Alchameth.png]] under the alternate name ''Alchameth''.<ref name=tyson1993/> | ||
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Arcturus's light was employed in the mechanism used to open the [[Century of Progress|1933 Chicago World's Fair]]. The star was chosen as it was thought that light from Arcturus had started its journey at about the time of the [[World's Columbian Exposition|previous Chicago World's Fair]] in 1893 (at 36.7 light-years away, the light actually started in 1896).<ref name=century/> | Arcturus's light was employed in the mechanism used to open the [[Century of Progress|1933 Chicago World's Fair]]. The star was chosen as it was thought that light from Arcturus had started its journey at about the time of the [[World's Columbian Exposition|previous Chicago World's Fair]] in 1893 (at 36.7 light-years away, the light actually started in 1896).<ref name=century/> | ||
At the height of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln observed Arcturus through a 9.6-inch refractor telescope when he visited the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., in August 1863.<ref>{{cite web | first=Rich | last=Talcott | date=July 14, 2014 | title=Lincoln and the cosmos | website=Astronomy Magazine | url=https://cs.astronomy.com/asy/b/astronomy/archive/2014/07/14/lincoln-and-the-cosmos.aspx | access-date=2022-08-28 | At the height of the [[American Civil War]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] observed Arcturus through a 9.6-inch refractor telescope when he visited the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., in August 1863.<ref>{{cite web | first=Rich | last=Talcott | date=July 14, 2014 | title=Lincoln and the cosmos | website=Astronomy Magazine | url=https://cs.astronomy.com/asy/b/astronomy/archive/2014/07/14/lincoln-and-the-cosmos.aspx | access-date=2022-08-28 }}</ref> | ||
Scottish author [[David Lindsay (novelist)|David Lindsay]]'s 1920 science-fiction novel ''A Voyage to Arcturus'' takes place on the fictional planet Tormance, orbiting the star of Arcturus. In the novel Arcturus is portrayed as a [[double star]], consisting of the two fictional stars Branchspell and Alppain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=David |title=A Voyage to Arcturus |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1329/pg1329-images.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Project Gutenberg |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In the [[ | In the 2016 film ''[[Passengers (2016 film)|Passengers]]'', the starship ''Avalon'' along with the main characters perform a [[slingshot maneuver]] around Arcturus on their journey to a distant solar system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2016/jon-spaihts-physics-interstellar-travel-passengers-movie/|title=How screenwriter Jon Spaihts worked the physics of starship travel into ‘Passengers’|first=Alan|last=Boyle|date=December 21, 2016}}</ref> | ||
The star is also mentioned in the 2024 song Arcturus Beaming by [[The Crane Wives]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://genius.com/The-crane-wives-arcturus-beaming-lyrics|title=The Crane Wives - Arcturus Beaming Lyrics |first=Emilee|last=Petersmark|date=June 4, 2024}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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<ref name="makemson">{{cite book|last=Makemson |first=Maud Worcester |title= The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut| date=1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5giAAAAMAAJ&q=%22arcturus%22 |page=199|bibcode=1941msra.book.....M }}</ref> | <ref name="makemson">{{cite book|last=Makemson |first=Maud Worcester |title= The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut| date=1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5giAAAAMAAJ&q=%22arcturus%22 |page=199|bibcode=1941msra.book.....M }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ramirez_prieto_2011>{{Cite journal | bibcode=2011ApJ...743..135R | title=Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | publisher=[[IOP Publishing]]| location=Bristol, England| volume=743 | issue=2 | pages=135 | date=December 2011 | first1=I. | last1=Ramírez| first2=C. | last2= | <ref name="ramirez_prieto_2011">{{Cite journal | bibcode=2011ApJ...743..135R | title=Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | publisher=[[IOP Publishing]]| location=Bristol, England| volume=743 | issue=2 | pages=135 | date=December 2011 | first1=I. | last1=Ramírez| first2=C. Allende | last2=Prieto | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135 | arxiv=1109.4425 | s2cid=119186472 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name="vanLeeuwen2007">{{cite journal | first=Florian | last=van Leeuwen | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | location=Paris, France| volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–64 | date=November 2007 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | arxiv=0708.1752| s2cid=18759600 }}</ref> | <ref name="vanLeeuwen2007">{{cite journal | first=Florian | last=van Leeuwen | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | location=Paris, France| volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–64 | date=November 2007 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | arxiv=0708.1752| s2cid=18759600 }}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=Perryman1997>{{cite web|url=http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=I/239/tyc_main&HIP=69673|title=HIP 69673|work=The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues|author=Perryman|date=1997|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | <ref name=Perryman1997>{{cite web|url=http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=I/239/tyc_main&HIP=69673|title=HIP 69673|work=The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues|author=Perryman|date=1997|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=WGSN1>{{cite web | url= | <ref name=WGSN1>{{cite web | url=https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf | title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=IAU-CSN>{{cite web | url= | <ref name=IAU-CSN>{{cite web | url=https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=100greatest>{{cite book | title=The Hundred Greatest Stars | last=Kaler | first=James B. | date=2002 | publisher=Copernicus Books | location=New York City | isbn=978-0-387-95436-3 | page=21}}</ref> | <ref name=100greatest>{{cite book | title=The Hundred Greatest Stars | last=Kaler | first=James B. | date=2002 | publisher=Copernicus Books | location=New York City | isbn=978-0-387-95436-3 | page=21}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=rao2007>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Joe |title=Arc to Arcturus, Speed on to Spica |url=https://www.space.com/3953-arc-arcturus-speed-spica.html |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=Space.com |date=June 15, 2007}}</ref> | <ref name=rao2007>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Joe |title=Arc to Arcturus, Speed on to Spica |url=https://www.space.com/3953-arc-arcturus-speed-spica.html |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=Space.com |date=June 15, 2007}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=earthsky>{{cite news |title=Follow the arc to Arcturus, and drive a spike to Spica {{!}} EarthSky.org |url= | <ref name=earthsky>{{cite news |title=Follow the arc to Arcturus, and drive a spike to Spica {{!}} EarthSky.org |url=https://earthsky.org/tonight/follow-the-arc-to-arcturus |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=earthsky.org |date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=rogers982>{{cite journal | last = Rogers | first = John H. | date = 1998 | title = Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean Traditions | journal = [[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]] | publisher=[[British Astronomical Association]]|location=London, England| volume = 108 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–89 | bibcode = 1998JBAA..108...79R}}</ref> | <ref name=rogers982>{{cite journal | last = Rogers | first = John H. | date = 1998 | title = Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean Traditions | journal = [[Journal of the British Astronomical Association]] | publisher=[[British Astronomical Association]]|location=London, England| volume = 108 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–89 | bibcode = 1998JBAA..108...79R}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=Pavlenko2008>{{cite journal | title=The carbon abundance and <sup>12</sup>C/<sup>13</sup>C isotopic ratio in the atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3 µm CO bands | last1=Pavlenko | first1=Ya. V. | journal=Astronomy Reports | volume=52 | issue=9 | pages=749–759 | date=September 2008 | doi=10.1134/S1063772908090060 | bibcode=2008ARep...52..749P | arxiv=0807.3667 | s2cid=119268407 }}</ref> | <ref name=Pavlenko2008>{{cite journal | title=The carbon abundance and <sup>12</sup>C/<sup>13</sup>C isotopic ratio in the atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3 µm CO bands | last1=Pavlenko | first1=Ya. V. | journal=Astronomy Reports | volume=52 | issue=9 | pages=749–759 | date=September 2008 | doi=10.1134/S1063772908090060 | bibcode=2008ARep...52..749P | arxiv=0807.3667 | s2cid=119268407 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=perkins>{{cite journal | <ref name="perkins">{{cite journal | last1=Keenan | first1=Philip C. | last2=McNeil | first2=Raymond C. | title=The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=71 | pages=245 | year=1989 | doi=10.1086/191373 | bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=griffin1968>{{cite book | last1=Griffin | first1=R. E. |last2=Griffin | first2=R. | title=A photometric atlas of the spectrum of Arcturus, λλ3600-8825Å | publisher=Cambridge Philosophical Society |location=Cambridge | date=1968 | bibcode=1968pmas.book.....G }}</ref> | <ref name="griffin1968">{{cite book | last1=Griffin | first1=R. E. |last2=Griffin | first2=R. | title=A photometric atlas of the spectrum of Arcturus, λλ3600-8825Å | publisher=Cambridge Philosophical Society |location=Cambridge | date=1968 | bibcode=1968pmas.book.....G }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=hinckle2005>{{cite journal |bibcode=2005ASPC..336..321H |title=The Spectrum of Arcturus from the Infrared through the Ultraviolet |last1=Hinkle |first1=K. |last2=Wallace |first2=L. |journal=Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis |year=2005 |volume=336 |page=321 }}</ref> | <ref name=hinckle2005>{{cite journal |bibcode=2005ASPC..336..321H |title=The Spectrum of Arcturus from the Infrared through the Ultraviolet |last1=Hinkle |first1=K. |last2=Wallace |first2=L. |journal=Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis |year=2005 |volume=336 |page=321 }}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=Kgiants>{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/173002|title=Long-period radial velocity variations in three K giants | last1=Hatzes | first1=A. | last2=Cochran | first2=W. | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=413 | issue=1 | pages=339–348 | date=August 1993 | bibcode=1993ApJ...413..339H | doi-access=free }}</ref> | <ref name=Kgiants>{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/173002|title=Long-period radial velocity variations in three K giants | last1=Hatzes | first1=A. | last2=Cochran | first2=W. | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=413 | issue=1 | pages=339–348 | date=August 1993 | bibcode=1993ApJ...413..339H | doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=eratosthenes>{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Eratosthenes|Hyginus|Aratus|Hard (tr.)|2015}}|author1=Eratosthenes |author2=Hyginus |author3=Aratus | <ref name="eratosthenes">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Eratosthenes|Hyginus|Aratus|Hard (tr.)|2015}}|author1=Eratosthenes |author2=Hyginus |author3=Aratus |title=Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, with Aratus's Phaenomena |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |pages=5–7, 35–37|isbn=9780198716983 |author-link=Eratosthenes|translator-first=Robin|translator-last=Hard}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=ridpath>{{cite web | url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.html#arcturus | last=Ridpath | first=Ian | title=Star Tales Boötes | access-date=27 November 2022 }}</ref> | <ref name="ridpath">{{cite web | url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bootes.html#arcturus | last=Ridpath | first=Ian | title=Star Tales Boötes | access-date=27 November 2022 |author-link=Ian Ridpath}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=knobel1895>{{cite journal|last=Knobel|first=E. B.|title=Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=55|issue=8|page=429|date=June 1895|bibcode= 1895MNRAS..55..429K|doi=10.1093/mnras/55.8.429|doi-access=free}}</ref> | <ref name=knobel1895>{{cite journal|last=Knobel|first=E. B.|title=Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=55|issue=8|page=429|date=June 1895|bibcode= 1895MNRAS..55..429K|doi=10.1093/mnras/55.8.429|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=arabicstar>{{cite web|url=http://www.jas.org.jo/arabic/alma.html|title=List of the 25 brightest stars|website=Jordanian Astronomical Society|access-date=March 28, 2007|archive-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316023454/http://www.jas.org.jo/arabic/alma.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | <ref name=arabicstar>{{cite web|url=http://www.jas.org.jo/arabic/alma.html|title=List of the 25 brightest stars|website=Jordanian Astronomical Society|access-date=March 28, 2007|archive-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316023454/http://www.jas.org.jo/arabic/alma.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=allen>{{cite book | last=Allen | first=Richard Hinckley | title=Star-names and Their Meanings | date=2015 | pages=100–101 }}</ref> | <ref name="allen">{{cite book | last=Allen | first=Richard Hinckley | title=Star-names and Their Meanings | date=2015 | pages=100–101 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=arabicdict>{{cite book | last=Wehr | first=Hans | editor1-last=Cowan | editor1-first=J. Milton | title=A dictionary of modern written Arabic | date=1994 }}</ref> | <ref name=arabicdict>{{cite book | last=Wehr | first=Hans | editor1-last=Cowan | editor1-first=J. Milton | title=A dictionary of modern written Arabic | date=1994 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=davis1944>{{cite journal | last=Davis | <ref name="davis1944">{{cite journal | last=Davis | first=G. A. Jr. | bibcode=1944PA.....52....8D | title=The Pronunciations, Derivations, and Meanings of a Selected List of Star Names | journal=Popular Astronomy | volume=52 | date=3 October 1944 | page=13 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=kunitzsch>{{cite book | last1=Kunitzsch | first1=Paul | last2=Smart | first2=Tim | date=2006 | title=A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations | edition=2nd rev. | publisher=[[Sky Publishing Corporation|Sky Pub]] | location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts|MA]] | isbn=978-1-931559-44-7 | page=19 }}</ref> | <ref name="kunitzsch">{{cite book | last1=Kunitzsch| first1=Paul | last2=Smart | first2=Tim | date=2006 | title=A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations | edition=2nd rev. | publisher=[[Sky Publishing Corporation|Sky Pub]] | location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts|MA]] | isbn=978-1-931559-44-7 | page=19 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=mud>{{Cite book | first1=Mudrooroo | last1=Nyoongah | first2=Mudrooroo | last2=Narogin | title=Aboriginal mythology : an A-Z spanning the history of aboriginal mythology from the earliest legends to the present day | publisher=HarperCollins | location=London | date=1994 | page=5 | isbn=978-1-85538-306-7 }}</ref> | <ref name="mud">{{Cite book | first1=Mudrooroo | last1=Nyoongah| first2=Mudrooroo | last2=Narogin | title=Aboriginal mythology : an A-Z spanning the history of aboriginal mythology from the earliest legends to the present day | publisher=HarperCollins | location=London | date=1994 | page=5 | isbn=978-1-85538-306-7 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=hamacher10>{{cite journal | last1=Hamacher | first1=Duane W. | last2=Frew | first2=David J. | date=2010 | title=An Aboriginal Australian Record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae | journal=Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=220–34 | doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2010.03.06 | arxiv=1010.4610 | bibcode=2010JAHH...13..220H | s2cid=118454721 }}</ref> | <ref name="hamacher10">{{cite journal | last1=Hamacher | first1=Duane W. | last2=Frew | first2=David J. | date=2010 | title=An Aboriginal Australian Record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae | journal=Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=220–34 | doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2010.03.06 | arxiv=1010.4610 | bibcode=2010JAHH...13..220H | s2cid=118454721 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=noctuary>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Diane|title=Night skies of aboriginal Australia: a noctuary|publisher=University of Sydney|location=Darlington, New South Wales|date=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nightskiesofabor0000john/page/24 24, 69, 84, 112]|isbn=978-1-86451-356-1|bibcode=1998nsaa.book.....J|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nightskiesofabor0000john/page/24}}</ref>{{rp|24,69,112}} | <ref name=noctuary>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Diane|title=Night skies of aboriginal Australia: a noctuary|publisher=University of Sydney|location=Darlington, New South Wales|date=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nightskiesofabor0000john/page/24 24, 69, 84, 112]|isbn=978-1-86451-356-1|bibcode=1998nsaa.book.....J|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nightskiesofabor0000john/page/24}}</ref>{{rp|24,69,112}} | ||
<ref name=guide>{{cite web|title=Arcturus|url= | <ref name=guide>{{cite web|title=Arcturus|url=https://www.constellation-guide.com/arcturus/|website=Constellation Guide|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=hagar1900>{{cite journal|last=Hagar|first=Stansbury |date=1900|title=The Celestial Bear|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=13|issue=49|pages=92–103|jstor=533799|doi=10.2307/533799}}</ref> | <ref name=hagar1900>{{cite journal|last=Hagar|first=Stansbury |date=1900|title=The Celestial Bear|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=13|issue=49|pages=92–103|jstor=533799|doi=10.2307/533799}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=daghavarian>{{cite book |last=Daghavarian |first=Nazaret |title=Ancient Armenian Religions | <ref name="daghavarian">{{cite book |last=Daghavarian |first=Nazaret |title=Ancient Armenian Religions |date=1903 |page=19 |url=http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/collect/hajgirqn/book/hayoc_hin.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/collect/hajgirqn/book/hayoc_hin.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2021|language=hy}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=rogers1998>{{cite journal | last = Rogers | first = John H. | date = 1998 | title = Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions | journal = Journal of the British Astronomical Association | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–28 | bibcode = 1998JBAA..108....9R}}</ref> | <ref name=rogers1998>{{cite journal | last = Rogers | first = John H. | date = 1998 | title = Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions | journal = Journal of the British Astronomical Association | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–28 | bibcode = 1998JBAA..108....9R}}</ref> | ||
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<ref name=plautus>{{cite news|author=Plautus |author-link=Plautus |title=Rudens|page= prol. 71}}</ref> | <ref name=plautus>{{cite news|author=Plautus |author-link=Plautus |title=Rudens|page= prol. 71}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=Lewis_Short_1879>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Darcturus | chapter=arctūrus | first1=Charlton T. | last1=Lewis | first2=Charles | last2=Short | title=A Latin Dictionary | publisher=Clarendon Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=1879 }} Available on the Perseus Digital Library.</ref> | <ref name="Lewis_Short_1879">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Darcturus | chapter=arctūrus | first1=Charlton T. | last1=Lewis | first2=Charles | last2=Short | title=A Latin Dictionary | publisher=Clarendon Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=1879 |author-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis}} Available on the Perseus Digital Library.</ref> | ||
<ref name=tyson1993>{{cite book | first1=Donald | last1=Tyson | last2=Freake | first2=James | date=1993 | title=Three Books of Occult Philosophy | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-0-87542-832-1 }}</ref> | <ref name="tyson1993">{{cite book | first1=Donald | last1=Tyson | last2=Freake | first2=James | date=1993 | title=Three Books of Occult Philosophy | publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide | isbn=978-0-87542-832-1 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=roberts2013>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacificbuddha.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Karandavyuha-Sutra.pdf|title=Karandavyuha Sutra Page 45|last1= | <ref name="roberts2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacificbuddha.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Karandavyuha-Sutra.pdf|title=Karandavyuha Sutra Page 45|last1=Roberts|first1=Peter Alan|last2=Yeshi|first2=Tulku|date=2013|website=Pacificbuddha|publisher=84000|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-date=January 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116221826/http://www.pacificbuddha.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Karandavyuha-Sutra.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=century>{{cite web | title=The opening ceremony of A Century of Progress. | work=Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933-1934 | publisher=University of Illinois-Chicago | date=January 2008 | url=https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/uic_cop/id/45| access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> | <ref name=century>{{cite web | title=The opening ceremony of A Century of Progress. | work=Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933-1934 | publisher=University of Illinois-Chicago | date=January 2008 | url=https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/uic_cop/id/45| access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=acgf>{{cite journal | last1=Jijelava | first1=B.| last2=Holbrook | first2=J. | last3=Simonia | first3=I. | date=2016 | title=Astronomical context of Georgian folklore | <ref name=acgf>{{cite journal | last1=Jijelava | first1=B.| last2=Holbrook | first2=J. | last3=Simonia | first3=I. | date=2016 | title=Astronomical context of Georgian folklore | journal=Indian Journal of Science and Technology | volume=9 | issue=37 | pages=1–8 | doi=10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i37/94312| bibcode=2016InJST...994312J}}</ref> | ||
<ref name=chaucerlabe>{{ | <ref name="chaucerlabe">{{cite book | ||
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<ref name="Ohnaka_Morales_Marín_2018">{{cite journal | <ref name="Ohnaka_Morales_Marín_2018">{{cite journal | ||
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| bibcode=2018A&A...620A..23O | s2cid=119095123 }}</ref> | | bibcode=2018A&A...620A..23O | s2cid=119095123 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=Lagarde_et_al_2015>{{cite journal | <ref name="Lagarde_et_al_2015">{{cite journal | ||
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| pages=A141 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525856 | | pages=A141 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525856 | ||
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<ref name=Sarvvis>{{cite web |title=Sarvvis |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Sarvvis |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=northernlights>{{cite web |title=The Starry Sky in Sápmi |url=https://www.beneathnorthernlights.com/the-starry-sky-in-sapmi/ |website=Beneath Northern Lights |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Gray2006> | |||
{{cite journal | |||
| last1=Gray | first1=David F. | last2=Brown | first2=Kevin I. T. | |||
| title=The Rotation of Arcturus and Active Longitudes on Giant Stars | |||
| journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] | |||
| volume=118 | issue=846 | pages=1112–1118 | |||
| date=2006 | |||
| bibcode=2006PASP..118.1112G | |||
| doi=10.1086/507077 | |||
| issn=0004-6280 | |||
| url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/507077 | |||
| access-date=2026-05-02 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{Div col|small=yes}} | {{Div col|small=yes}} | ||
*{{citation | postscript=. | *{{citation |postscript=. |title=The Wind Temperature and Mass-loss Rate of Arcturus (K1.5 III) |display-authors=1 |last1=Harper |first1=Graham M. |last2=Ayres |first2=Thomas R. |last3=O'Gorman |first3=Eamon |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=932 |issue=1 |id=57 |date=June 2022 |page=57 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac69d6 |bibcode=2022ApJ...932...57H |s2cid=249880096 |doi-access=free}} | ||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Theoretical lifetimes and Stark broadening parameters for visible-infrared spectral lines of V I in Arcturus |last1=Isidoro-García |first1=L. |last2=de Andrés-García |first2=I. |last3=Moreno-Conde |first3=D. |last4=Colón |first4=C. |display-authors=1 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=509 |issue=3 |pages=4538–4554 |date=January 2022 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stab3301 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022MNRAS.509.4538I}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Disentangling the Arcturus stream |last1=Kushniruk |first1=Iryna |last2=Bensby |first2=Thomas |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=631 |id=A47 |date=November 2019 |pages=A47 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935234 |arxiv=1909.04949 |bibcode=2019A&A...631A..47K |s2cid=202558933}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Vanadium Transitions in the Spectrum of Arcturus |last1=Wood |first1=M. P. |last2=Sneden |first2=C. |last3=Lawler |first3=J. E. |last4=Den Hartog |first4=E. A. |last5=Cowan |first5=J. J. |last6=Nave |first6=G. |display-authors=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=234 |issue=2 |id=25 |date=February 2018 |page=25 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/aa9a41 |arxiv=1712.06942 |bibcode=2018ApJS..234...25W |s2cid=119356096 |doi-access=free}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Differential rotation and meridional flow of Arcturus |last1=Küker |first1=M. |last2=Rüdiger |first2=G. |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |volume=332 |issue=1 |page=83 |date=January 2011 |doi=10.1002/asna.201011483 |arxiv=1012.3321 |bibcode=2011AN....332...83K}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=The limb-darkened Arcturus: imaging with the IOTA/IONIC interferometer |last1=Lacour |first1=S. |last2=Meimon |first2=S. |last3=Thiébaut |first3=E. |last4=Perrin |first4=G. |last5=Verhoelst |first5=T. |last6=Pedretti |first6=E. |last7=Schuller |first7=P. A. |last8=Mugnier |first8=L. |last9=Monnier |first9=J. |last10=Berger |first10=J. P. |last11=Haubois |first11=X. |last12=Poncelet |first12=A. |last13=Le Besnerais |first13=G. |last14=Eriksson |first14=K. |last15=Millan-Gabet |first15=R. |last16=Ragland |first16=S. |last17=Lacasse |first17=M. |last18=Traub |first18=W. |display-authors=1 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=485 |issue=2 |pages=561–570 |date=July 2008 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809611 |arxiv=0804.0192 |bibcode=2008A&A...485..561L |s2cid=18853087}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Long-Term Spectroscopic Monitoring of Arcturus |display-authors=1 |last1=Brown |first1=Kevin I. T. |last2=Gray |first2=David F. |last3=Baliunas |first3=Sallie L. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=679 |issue=2 |pages=1531–1540 |date=June 2008 |doi=10.1086/587783 |bibcode=2008ApJ...679.1531B |s2cid=121170557 |doi-access=free}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Asteroseismology of red giants: photometric observations of Arcturus by SMEI |display-authors=1 |last1=Tarrant |first1=N. J. |last2=Chaplin |first2=W. J. |last3=Elsworth |first3=Y. |last4=Spreckley |first4=S. A. |last5=Stevens |first5=I. R. |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=382 |issue=1 |pages=L48–L52 |date=November 2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00387.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=0706.3346 |bibcode=2007MNRAS.382L..48T |s2cid=5666311}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Long-Term Spectroscopic and Precise Radial Velocity Monitoring of Arcturus |last=Brown |first=Kevin I. T. |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=119 |issue=852 |pages=237 |date=February 2007 |doi=10.1086/512731 |bibcode=2007PASP..119..237B |s2cid=121637958 |doi-access=free}} | |||
*{{citation | postscript=. | *{{citation |postscript=. |title=The Rotation of Arcturus and Active Longitudes on Giant Stars |last1=Gray |first1=David F. |last2=Brown |first2=Kevin I. T. |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=118 |issue=846 |pages=1112–1118 |date=August 2006 |doi=10.1086/507077 |bibcode=2006PASP..118.1112G |s2cid=120918694 |doi-access=free}} | ||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Far-Infrared and Millimeter Continuum Studies of K Giants: α Bootis and α Tauri |last1=Cohen |first1=Martin |last2=Carbon |first2=Duane F. |last3=Welch |first3=William J. |last4=Lim |first4=Tanya |last5=Schulz |first5=Bernhard |last6=McMurry |first6=A. D. |last7=Forster |first7=James R. |last8=Goorvitch |first8=David |display-authors=1 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=2836–2848 |date=June 2005 |doi=10.1086/429887 |arxiv=astro-ph/0502516 |bibcode=2005AJ....129.2836C |s2cid=119419198}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=The Extragalactic Origin of the Arcturus Group |display-authors=1 |last1=Navarro |first1=Julio F. |last2=Helmi |first2=Amina |last3=Freeman |first3=Kenneth C. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=601 |issue=1 |pages=L43–L46 |date=January 2004 |doi=10.1086/381751 |arxiv=astro-ph/0311107 |bibcode=2004ApJ...601L..43N |s2cid=10638792}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Oscillations in Arcturus from WIRE Photometry |last1=Retter |first1=Alon |last2=Bedding |first2=Timothy R. |last3=Buzasi |first3=Derek L. |last4=Kjeldsen |first4=Hans |last5=Kiss |first5=László L. |display-authors=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=591 |issue=2 |pages=L151–L154 |date=July 2003 |doi=10.1086/377211 |arxiv=astro-ph/0306056 |bibcode=2003ApJ...591L.151R |s2cid=119083930}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Detection of Water Vapor in the Photosphere of Arcturus |last1=Ryde |first1=N. |last2=Lambert |first2=D. L. |last3=Richter |first3=M. J. |last4=Lacy |first4=J. H. |display-authors=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=580 |issue=1 |pages=447–458 |date=November 2002 |doi=10.1086/343040 |arxiv=astro-ph/0207368 |bibcode=2002ApJ...580..447R |s2cid=7672420}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=The Effective Temperature of Arcturus |last1=Griffin |first1=R. E. M. |last2=Lynas-Gray |first2=A. E. |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=2998–3006 |date=June 1999 |doi=10.1086/300878 |bibcode=1999AJ....117.2998G |s2cid=120907426 |doi-access=free}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Adaptive Optics Observations of Arcturus using the Mount Wilson 100 Inch Telescope |display-authors=1 |last1=Turner |first1=Nils H. |last2=ten Brummelaar |first2=Theo A. |last3=Mason |first3=Brian D. |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=111 |issue=759 |pages=556–558 |date=May 1999 |doi=10.1086/316353 |bibcode=1999PASP..111..556T |s2cid=2441153 |doi-access=free}} | |||
*{{citation |postscript=. |title=Arcturus as a double star |last=Griffin |first=R. F. |journal=The Observatory |volume=118 |pages=299–301 |date=October 1998 |bibcode=1998Obs...118..299G}} | |||
*{{citation | postscript=. | *{{citation |postscript=. |title=Angular diameter and limb darkening of Arcturus. |last1=Quirrenbach |first1=A. |last2=Mozurkewich |first2=D. |last3=Buscher |first3=D. F. |last4=Hummel |first4=C. A. |last5=Armstrong |first5=J. T. |display-authors=1 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=312 |pages=160–166 |date=August 1996 |bibcode=1996A&A...312..160Q}} | ||
*{{citation | postscript=. | |||
*{{citation | postscript=. | |||
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Arcturus is a red giant star in the northern constellation of Boötes, and the brightest star in the constellation. It has the Bayer designation α Boötis, which is Latinized to Alpha Boötis and abbreviated Alpha Boo or α Boo. With an apparent visual magnitude of −0.05,[1] it is the fourth-brightest star in the night sky and the brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. Arcturus forms one corner of the Spring Triangle asterism.
Located relatively close at 36.7 light-years from the Sun, Arcturus is a red giant of spectral type K1.5III—an aging star around 7.1 billion years old that has used up its core hydrogen and evolved off the main sequence. It is about the same mass as the Sun, but has expanded to 25 times its size (around 35 million kilometers) and is around 170 times as luminous.
Nomenclature
The traditional name Arcturus is Latinised from the ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος (Arktouros) and means "Guardian of the Bear",[2] ultimately from ἄρκτος (arktos), "bear"[3] and οὖρος (ouros), "watcher, guardian".[4] As ἄρκτος also came to mean "north", the name can also translate to "Guardian of the North".[5]
The designation of Arcturus as α Boötis (Latinised to Alpha Boötis) was made by Johann Bayer in 1603. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Arcturus for α Boötis.[6][7]
Observational history
Arcturus and its distinctive red color have been mentioned since antiquity and medieval times; Ptolemy described it as subrufa ("slightly red"),[8] and Geoffrey Chaucer referred to it as Alramih in A Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391).[9]
In 1635, the French mathematician and astronomer Jean-Baptiste Morin observed Arcturus in the daytime with a telescope. This was the first recorded full daylight viewing for any star other than the Sun and supernovae.[10]
Observation
With an apparent visual magnitude of −0.05, Arcturus is the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere and the fourth-brightest star in the night sky,[11] after Sirius (−1.46 apparent magnitude), Canopus (−0.72) and α Centauri (combined magnitude of −0.27). However, α Centauri AB is a binary star, whose components are each fainter than Arcturus. This makes Arcturus the third-brightest individual star, just ahead of α Centauri A (officially named Rigil Kentaurus), whose apparent magnitude is −0.01.[12] Arcturus has been seen at or just before sunset with the naked eye.[12]
Arcturus is visible from both of Earth's hemispheres as it is located 19° north of the celestial equator. The star culminates at midnight on April 27, and at 9 p.m. on June 10 being visible during the late northern spring or the southern autumn.[13] From the Northern Hemisphere, an easy way to find Arcturus is to follow the arc of the handle of the Big Dipper (or Plough in the UK). By continuing in this path, one can find Spica, "Arc to Arcturus, then spike (or speed on) to Spica".[14][15] Together with the bright stars Spica and Regulus (or Denebola, depending on the source), Arcturus is part of the Spring Triangle asterism. With Cor Caroli, these four stars form the Great Diamond asterism.
Arcturus has a B-V color index of +1.23, roughly midway between Pollux (B-V +1.00) and Aldebaran (B-V +1.54).[12]
η Boötis, or Muphrid, is only 3.3 light-years distant from Arcturus, and would have a visual magnitude −2.5, about as bright as Jupiter at its brightest from Earth, whereas an observer on the former system would find Arcturus with a magnitude -5.0, slightly brighter than Venus as seen from Earth, but with an orangish color.[12]
Physical characteristics
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Based upon an annual parallax shift of 88.83 milliarcseconds, as measured by the Hipparcos satellite, Arcturus is 36.7 light-years (11.26 parsecs) from Earth. The parallax margin of error is 0.54 milliarcseconds, translating to a distance margin of error of ±0.23 light-years (0.069 parsecs).[16] Because of its proximity, Arcturus has a high proper motion, two arcseconds a year, greater than any first magnitude star other than α Centauri. It is the second-closest giant star to Earth, after Pollux.
Arcturus is moving rapidly (122 km/s or 76 mi/s) relative to the Sun, and is now almost at its closest point to the Sun. Closest approach will happen in about 4,000 years, when the star will be a few hundredths of a light-year closer to Earth than it is today. (In antiquity, Arcturus was closer to the centre of the constellation.[17]) Arcturus is thought to be an old-disk star,[18] and appears to be moving with a group of 52 other such stars, known as the Arcturus stream.[19]
With an absolute magnitude of −0.30, Arcturus is, together with Vega and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is about 110 times brighter than the Sun in visible light wavelengths, but this underestimates its strength as much of the light it gives off is in the infrared; total (bolometric) power output is about 180 times that of the Sun. With a near-infrared J band magnitude of −2.2, only Betelgeuse (−2.9) and R Doradus (−2.6) are brighter. The lower output in visible light is due to a lower efficacy as the star has a lower surface temperature than the Sun.
There have been suggestions that Arcturus might be a member of a binary system with a faint, cool companion, but no companion has been directly detected.[18] In the absence of a binary companion, the mass of Arcturus cannot be measured directly, but models suggest it is slightly greater than that of the Sun. Evolutionary matching to the observed physical parameters gives a mass of 1.08±0.06 M☉,[18] while the oxygen isotope ratio for a first dredge-up star gives a mass of Template:Solar mass.[20] The star, given its evolutionary state, is expected to have undergone significant mass loss in the past.[21] The star displays magnetic activity that is heating the coronal structures, and it undergoes a solar-type magnetic cycle with a duration that is probably less than 14 years. A weak magnetic field has been detected in the photosphere with a strength of around half a gauss. The magnetic activity appears to lie along four latitudes and is rotationally modulated.[22]
Arcturus is estimated to be around 6 to 8.5 billion years old,[18] but there is some uncertainty about its evolutionary status.[23] Based upon the color characteristics of Arcturus, it is currently ascending the red-giant branch and will continue to do so until it accumulates a large enough degenerate helium core to ignite the helium flash.[18] It has likely exhausted the hydrogen from its core and is now in its active hydrogen shell burning phase. However, Charbonnel et al. (1998) placed it slightly above the horizontal branch, and suggested it has already completed the helium flash stage.[23]
Spectrum
Arcturus has evolved off the main sequence to the red giant branch, reaching an early K-type stellar classification. It is frequently assigned the spectral type of K0III,[24] but in 1989 was used as the spectral standard for type K1.5III Fe−0.5,[25] with the suffix notation indicating a mild underabundance of iron compared to typical stars of its type. As the brightest K-type giant in the sky, it has been the subject of multiple atlases with coverage from the ultraviolet to infrared.[26][27]
The spectrum shows a dramatic transition from emission lines in the ultraviolet to atomic absorption lines in the visible range and molecular absorption lines in the infrared. This is due to the optical depth of the atmosphere varying with wavelength.[27] The spectrum shows very strong absorption in some molecular lines that are not produced in the photosphere but in a surrounding shell.[28] Examination of carbon monoxide lines show the molecular component of the atmosphere extending outward to 2–3 times the radius of the star, with the chromospheric wind steeply accelerating to 35–40 km/s in this region.[29]
Astronomers term "metals" those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium. The atmosphere of Arcturus has an enrichment of alpha elements relative to iron but only about a third of solar metallicity. Arcturus is possibly a Population II star.[12]
Oscillations
As one of the brightest stars in the sky, Arcturus has been the subject of a number of studies in the emerging field of asteroseismology. Belmonte and colleagues carried out a radial velocity (Doppler shift of spectral lines) study of the star in April and May 1988, which showed variability with a frequency of the order of a few microhertz (μHz), the highest peak corresponding to 4.3 μHz (2.7 days) with an amplitude of 60 ms−1, with a frequency separation of c. 5 μHz. They suggested that the most plausible explanation for the variability of Arcturus is stellar oscillations.[30]
Asteroseismological measurements allow direct calculation of the mass and radius, giving values of 0.8±0.2 M☉ and 27.9±3.4 R☉. This form of modelling is still relatively inaccurate, but a useful check on other models.[31]
Search for planets
Hipparcos satellite astrometry suggested that Arcturus is a binary star, with the companion about twenty times dimmer than the primary and orbiting close enough to be at the limits of resolution with current technology. Recent results remain inconclusive, but do support the marginal Hipparcos detection of a binary companion.[32]
In 1993, radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Arcturus exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a substellar companion. This substellar object would be nearly 12 times the mass of Jupiter and be located roughly at the same orbital distance from Arcturus as the Earth is from the Sun, at 1.1 astronomical units. However, all three stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion. So far, no substellar companion has been confirmed.[33]
Mythology
One astronomical tradition associates Arcturus with the mythology around Arcas, who was about to shoot and kill his own mother Callisto who had been transformed into a bear. Zeus averted their imminent tragic fate by transforming the boy into the constellation Boötes, called Arctophylax "bear guardian" by the Greeks, and his mother into Ursa Major (Greek: Arctos "the bear"). The account is given in Hyginus's Astronomy.[34]
Aratus in his Phaenomena said that the star Arcturus lay below the belt of Arctophylax, and according to Ptolemy in the Almagest it lay between his thighs.[35]
An alternative lore associates the name with the legend around Icarius, who gave the gift of wine to other men, but was murdered by them, because they had had no experience with intoxication and mistook the wine for poison. It is stated that Icarius became Arcturus while his dog, Maira, became Canicula (Procyon), although "Arcturus" here may be used in the sense of the constellation rather than the star.[36]
Cultural significance
As one of the brightest stars in the sky, Arcturus has been significant to observers since antiquity.
The Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible contains two mentions of Arcturus. It is mentioned alongside the constellations Orion and Pleiades (as well as other undetermined possible stellar bodies).[37][38]
In ancient Mesopotamia, it was linked to the god Enlil, and also known as Shudun, "yoke",[17] or SHU-PA of unknown derivation in the Three Stars Each Babylonian star catalogues and later MUL.APIN around 1100 BC.[39]
In ancient Greek, the star is found in ancient astronomical literature, e.g. Hesiod's Work and Days, circa 700 BC,[17] as well as Hipparchus's and Ptolemy's star catalogs. The folk-etymology connecting the star name with the bears (Greek: ἄρκτος, arktos) was probably invented much later.[40] It fell out of use in favour of Arabic names until it was revived in the Renaissance.[41] Arcturus is also mentioned in Plato's "Laws" (844e) as a herald for the season of vintage, specifically figs and grapes.[42]
In Arabic, Arcturus is one of two stars called al-simāk "the uplifted ones" (the other is Spica). Arcturus is specified as السماك الرامح as-simāk ar-rāmiħ "the uplifted one of the lancer". The term Al Simak Al Ramih has appeared in Al Achsasi Al Mouakket catalogue (translated into Latin as Al Simak Lanceator).[43] This has been variously romanized in the past, leading to obsolete variants such as Aramec and Azimech. For example, the name Alramih is used in Geoffrey Chaucer's A Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391). Another Arabic name is Haris-el-sema, from حارس السماء ħāris al-samā' "the keeper of heaven".[44][45][46] or حارس الشمال ħāris al-shamāl' "the keeper of north".[47]
In Indian astronomy, Arcturus is called Swati or Svati (Devanagari स्वाति, Transliteration IAST svāti, svātī́), possibly 'su' + 'ati' ("great goer", in reference to its remoteness) meaning very beneficent. It has been referred to as "the real pearl" in Bhartṛhari's kāvyas.[48]
In Chinese astronomy, Arcturus is called Da Jiao (Chinese: 大角; pinyin: Dàjiǎo; lit. 'great horn'), because it is the brightest star in the Chinese constellation called Jiao Xiu (Chinese: 角宿; pinyin: Jiǎo Xiǔ; lit. 'horn star'). Later it became a part of another constellation Kang Xiu (Chinese: 亢宿; pinyin: Kàng Xiǔ).
The Wotjobaluk Koori people of southeastern Australia knew Arcturus as Marpean-kurrk, mother of Djuit (Antares) and another star in Boötes, Weet-kurrk[49] (Muphrid).[50] Its appearance in the north signified the arrival of the larvae of the wood ant (a food item) in spring. The beginning of summer was marked by the star's setting with the Sun in the west and the disappearance of the larvae.[49] The people of Milingimbi Island in Arnhem Land saw Arcturus and Muphrid as man and woman, and took the appearance of Arcturus at sunrise as a sign to go and harvest rakia or spikerush.[51] The Weilwan of northern New South Wales knew Arcturus as Guembila "red".[51]: 84
Prehistoric Polynesian navigators knew Arcturus as Hōkūleʻa, the "Star of Joy". Arcturus is the zenith star of the Hawaiian Islands. Using Hōkūleʻa and other stars, the Polynesians launched their double-hulled canoes from Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. Traveling east and north they eventually crossed the equator and reached the latitude at which Arcturus would appear directly overhead in the summer night sky. Knowing they had arrived at the exact latitude of the island chain, they sailed due west on the trade winds to landfall. If Hōkūleʻa could be kept directly overhead, they landed on the southeastern shores of the Big Island of Hawaii. For a return trip to Tahiti the navigators could use Sirius, the zenith star of that island. Since 1976, the Polynesian Voyaging Society's Hōkūleʻa has crossed the Pacific Ocean many times under navigators who have incorporated this wayfinding technique in their non-instrument navigation. The crew's successful landing in Waitangi, New Zealand on December 1985 earned them iwihood under the name of Ngāti Ruawāhia ("Tribe of the Arcturus" in Māori).[52]
Arcturus had several other names that described its significance to indigenous Polynesians. In the Society Islands, Arcturus, called Ana-tahua-taata-metua-te-tupu-mavae ("a pillar to stand by"), was one of the ten "pillars of the sky", bright stars that represented the ten heavens of the Tahitian afterlife.[53] In Hawaii, the pattern of Boötes was called Hoku-iwa, meaning "stars of the frigatebird". This constellation marked the path for Hawaiʻiloa on his return to Hawaii from the South Pacific Ocean.[54] The Hawaiians called Arcturus Hoku-leʻa.[55] It was equated to the Tuamotuan constellation Te Kiva, meaning "frigatebird", which could either represent the figure of Boötes or just Arcturus.[56] However, Arcturus may instead be the Tuamotuan star called Turu.[57] The Hawaiian name for Arcturus as a single star was likely Hoku-leʻa, which means "star of gladness", or "clear star".[58] In the Marquesas Islands, Arcturus was probably called Tau-tou and was the star that ruled the month approximating January. The Māori and Moriori called it Tautoru, a variant of the Marquesan name and a name shared with Orion's Belt.[59]
In Inuit astronomy, Arcturus is called the Old Man (Uttuqalualuk in Inuit languages) and The First Ones (Sivulliik in Inuit languages).[10] The Mi'kmaq of eastern Canada saw Arcturus as Kookoogwéss, the owl.[60]
The Sámi people call Arcturus Fávdna, a hunter pursuing Sarvvis or Sarvva, the reindeer or moose, which is a large constellation in Cassiopeia, Perseus, and Auriga. The handle of the Big Dipper is Fávdnadávgi, Fávdna's bow.[61][62]
Early-20th-century Armenian scientist Nazaret Daghavarian theorized that the star commonly referred to in Armenian folklore as Gutani astgh (Armenian: Գութանի աստղ; lit. star of the plow) was in fact Arcturus, as the constellation of Boötes was called "Ezogh" (Armenian: Եզող; lit. the person who is plowing) by Armenians.[63]
In popular culture
In Ancient Rome, the star's celestial activity was supposed to portend tempestuous weather, and a personification of the star acts as narrator of the prologue to Plautus's comedy Rudens (c. 211 BC).[64][65]
The Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra, compiled at the end of the 4th century or beginning of the 5th century, names one of Avalokiteśvaras meditative absorptions as "The face of Arcturus".[66]
One of the possible etymologies offered for the name "Arthur" assumes that it is derived from "Arcturus" and that the late-5th- to early-6th-century figure on whom the myth of King Arthur is based was originally named for the star.[65][67][68][69][70][71]
In the Middle Ages, Arcturus was considered a Behenian fixed star and attributed to the stone jasper and the plantain herb. Cornelius Agrippa listed its kabbalistic sign File:Agrippa1531 Alchameth.png under the alternate name Alchameth.[72]
Arcturus's light was employed in the mechanism used to open the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. The star was chosen as it was thought that light from Arcturus had started its journey at about the time of the previous Chicago World's Fair in 1893 (at 36.7 light-years away, the light actually started in 1896).[73]
At the height of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln observed Arcturus through a 9.6-inch refractor telescope when he visited the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., in August 1863.[74]
Scottish author David Lindsay's 1920 science-fiction novel A Voyage to Arcturus takes place on the fictional planet Tormance, orbiting the star of Arcturus. In the novel Arcturus is portrayed as a double star, consisting of the two fictional stars Branchspell and Alppain.[75]
In the 2016 film Passengers, the starship Avalon along with the main characters perform a slingshot maneuver around Arcturus on their journey to a distant solar system.[76]
The star is also mentioned in the 2024 song Arcturus Beaming by The Crane Wives.[77]
References
- ↑ Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237: 0. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "Ἀρκτοῦρος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "ἄρκτος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "οὖρος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
- ↑ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved May 25, 2025.
- ↑ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved July 28, 2016.
- ↑ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved July 28, 2016.
- ↑ Jijelava, B.; Holbrook, J.; Simonia, I. (2016). "Astronomical context of Georgian folklore". Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 9 (37): 1–8. Bibcode:2016InJST...994312J. doi:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i37/94312.
- ↑ Skeat, Walter W, ed. (1872). A treatise on the astrolabe by Geoffrey Chaucer. for The Early English Text Society by N. Trűbner & Co. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Arcturus". Constellation Guide. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ↑ Kaler, James B. (2002). The Hundred Greatest Stars. New York City: Copernicus Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-387-95436-3.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Schaaf, Fred (2008). The Brightest Stars: Discovering the Universe Through the Sky's Most Brilliant Stars. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 126–36. Bibcode:2008bsdu.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-471-70410-2.
- ↑ Schaaf, p. 257.
- ↑ Rao, Joe (June 15, 2007). "Arc to Arcturus, Speed on to Spica". Space.com. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ↑ "Follow the arc to Arcturus, and drive a spike to Spica | EarthSky.org". earthsky.org. April 8, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ↑ van Leeuwen, Florian (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. Paris, France. 474 (2): 653–64. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean Traditions". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. London, England: British Astronomical Association. 108 (2): 79–89. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108...79R.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Ramírez, I.; Prieto, C. Allende (December 2011). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. Bristol, England: IOP Publishing. 743 (2): 135. arXiv:1109.4425. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..135R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. S2CID 119186472.
- ↑ Ramya, P.; Reddy, Bacham E.; Lambert, David L. (2012). "Chemical compositions of stars in two stellar streams from the Galactic thick disc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 425 (4): 3188. arXiv:1207.0767. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.425.3188R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21677.x. S2CID 119253279.
- ↑ Abia, C.; Palmerini, S.; Busso, M.; Cristallo, S. (2012). "Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in Arcturus and Aldebaran. Constraining the parameters for non-convective mixing on the red giant branch". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: A55. arXiv:1210.1160. Bibcode:2012A&A...548A..55A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220148. S2CID 56386673.
- ↑ Lagarde, N.; et al. (August 2015). "Models of red giants in the CoRoT asteroseismology fields combining asteroseismic and spectroscopic constraints". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 580: A141. arXiv:1505.01529. Bibcode:2015A&A...580A.141L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525856. S2CID 53652388. A141.
- ↑ Sennhauser, C.; Berdyugina, S. V. (May 2011). "First detection of a weak magnetic field on the giant Arcturus: remnants of a solar dynamo?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 529: 6. Bibcode:2011A&A...529A.100S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015445. A100.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pavlenko, Ya. V. (September 2008). "The carbon abundance and 12C/13C isotopic ratio in the atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3 µm CO bands". Astronomy Reports. 52 (9): 749–759. arXiv:0807.3667. Bibcode:2008ARep...52..749P. doi:10.1134/S1063772908090060. S2CID 119268407.
- ↑ Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I". The Astronomical Journal. Bristol, England. 126 (4): 2048. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. doi:10.1086/378365. S2CID 119417105.
- ↑ Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989). "The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 71: 245. Bibcode:1989ApJS...71..245K. doi:10.1086/191373.
- ↑ Griffin, R. E.; Griffin, R. (1968). A photometric atlas of the spectrum of Arcturus, λλ3600-8825Å. Cambridge: Cambridge Philosophical Society. Bibcode:1968pmas.book.....G.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hinkle, K.; Wallace, L. (2005). "The Spectrum of Arcturus from the Infrared through the Ultraviolet". Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. 336: 321. Bibcode:2005ASPC..336..321H.
- ↑ Tsuji, T. (2009). "The K giant star Arcturus: The hybrid nature of its infrared spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 504 (2): 543. arXiv:0907.0065. Bibcode:2009A&A...504..543T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912323. S2CID 6408779.
- ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Morales Marín, C. A. L. (November 2018). "Spatially resolving the thermally inhomogeneous outer atmosphere of the red giant Arcturus in the 2.3 μm CO lines". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 620: 10. arXiv:1809.01181. Bibcode:2018A&A...620A..23O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833745. S2CID 119095123. A23.
- ↑ Belmonte, J. A.; Jones, A. R.; Palle, P. L.; Roca Cortes, T. (1990). "Acoustic oscillations in the K2 III star Arcturus". Astrophysics and Space Science. 169 (1–2): 77–84. Bibcode:1990Ap&SS.169...77B. doi:10.1007/BF00640689. ISSN 0004-640X. S2CID 120697563.
- ↑ Kallinger, T.; Weiss, W. W.; Barban, C.; Baudin, F.; Cameron, C.; Carrier, F.; De Ridder, J.; Goupil, M.-J.; Gruberbauer, M.; Hatzes, A.; Hekker, S.; Samadi, R.; Deleuil, M. (2010). "Oscillating red giants in the CoRoT exofield: Asteroseismic mass and radius determination". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 509: A77. arXiv:0811.4674. Bibcode:2010A&A...509A..77K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811437. S2CID 15061735.
- ↑ Verhoelst, T.; Bordé, P. J.; Perrin, G.; Decin, L.; et al. (2005). "Is Arcturus a well-understood K giant?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 435 (1): 289–301. arXiv:astro-ph/0501669. Bibcode:2005A&A...435..289V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042356. S2CID 14176311., and see references therein.
- ↑ Hatzes, A.; Cochran, W. (August 1993). "Long-period radial velocity variations in three K giants". The Astrophysical Journal. 413 (1): 339–348. Bibcode:1993ApJ...413..339H. doi:10.1086/173002.
- ↑ Eratosthenes; Hyginus; Aratus (2015). Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, with Aratus's Phaenomena. Translated by Hard, Robin. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–7, 35–37. ISBN 9780198716983.
- ↑ Ridpath, Ian. "Star Tales Boötes". Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ↑ Eratosthenes et al. (2015), pp. 38–40, p. 182 (note to p. 40)
- ↑ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%209%3A9&version=KJV
- ↑ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2038%3A32&version=KJV
- ↑ Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108 (1): 9–28. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R.
- ↑ Star-names and Their Meanings (1st ed.). Richard Hinckley Allen. 2015 [1899]. ISBN 9789333375757.
- ↑ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
- ↑ "Plato, Laws, Book 8". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved March 3, 2025.
- ↑ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 55 (8): 429. Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K. doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
- ↑ "List of the 25 brightest stars". Jordanian Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
- ↑ Allen, Richard Hinckley (2015). Star-names and Their Meanings. pp. 100–101.
- ↑ Wehr, Hans (1994). Cowan, J. Milton (ed.). A dictionary of modern written Arabic.
- ↑ Davis, G. A. Jr. (October 3, 1944). "The Pronunciations, Derivations, and Meanings of a Selected List of Star Names". Popular Astronomy. 52: 13. Bibcode:1944PA.....52....8D.
- ↑ Olcott, William Tyler (2004). Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-8021-4877-3.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Nyoongah, Mudrooroo; Narogin, Mudrooroo (1994). Aboriginal mythology : an A-Z spanning the history of aboriginal mythology from the earliest legends to the present day. London: HarperCollins. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-85538-306-7.
- ↑ Hamacher, Duane W.; Frew, David J. (2010). "An Aboriginal Australian Record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae". Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage. 13 (3): 220–34. arXiv:1010.4610. Bibcode:2010JAHH...13..220H. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2010.03.06. S2CID 118454721.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Johnson, Diane (1998). Night skies of aboriginal Australia: a noctuary. Darlington, New South Wales: University of Sydney. pp. 24, 69, 84, 112. Bibcode:1998nsaa.book.....J. ISBN 978-1-86451-356-1.
- ↑ "Moananuiākea: Aotearoa". Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center. Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
– "Ngāti Ruawāhia, The Sixth Tribe of Tai Tokerau Convenes at Aurere" (PDF). February 10, 2018. - ↑ Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 199. Bibcode:1941msra.book.....M.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 209.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 280.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 221.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 264.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 210.
- ↑ Makemson 1941, p. 260.
- ↑ Hagar, Stansbury (1900). "The Celestial Bear". The Journal of American Folklore. 13 (49): 92–103. doi:10.2307/533799. JSTOR 533799.
- ↑ "Sarvvis". All Skies Encyclopaedia. IAU Working Group on Star Names. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
- ↑ "The Starry Sky in Sápmi". Beneath Northern Lights. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
- ↑ Daghavarian, Nazaret (1903). Ancient Armenian Religions (PDF) (in Armenian). p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ↑ Plautus. "Rudens". p. prol. 71.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "arctūrus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Available on the Perseus Digital Library.
- ↑ Roberts, Peter Alan; Yeshi, Tulku (2013). "Karandavyuha Sutra Page 45" (PDF). Pacificbuddha. 84000. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ↑ Zimmer, Stefan (February 1, 2006). Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen (in German). Universitätsverlag. p. 37. ISBN 978-3825351076.
- ↑ Zimmer, Stefan (March 2009). "The Name of Arthur – A New Etymology". Journal of Celtic Linguistics. University of Wales Press. 13 (1): 131–136.
- ↑ Walter, Philippe (2005). Artù. L'orso e il re (in Italian). Translated by Faccia, M. Edizioni Arkeios. p. 74. ISBN 978-8886495806.
- ↑ Johnson, Flint (2002). The British sources of the abduction and Grail romances. University Press of America. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0761822189.
- ↑ Chambers, Edmund Kerchever (1964). Arthur of Britain. Speculum Historiale. p. 170.
- ↑ Tyson, Donald; Freake, James (1993). Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-87542-832-1.
- ↑ "The opening ceremony of A Century of Progress". Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933-1934. University of Illinois-Chicago. January 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ↑ Talcott, Rich (July 14, 2014). "Lincoln and the cosmos". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ↑ Lindsay, David. "A Voyage to Arcturus". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
- ↑ Boyle, Alan (December 21, 2016). "How screenwriter Jon Spaihts worked the physics of starship travel into 'Passengers'".
- ↑ Petersmark, Emilee (June 4, 2024). "The Crane Wives - Arcturus Beaming Lyrics".
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Further reading
- Harper, Graham M.; et al. (June 2022), "The Wind Temperature and Mass-loss Rate of Arcturus (K1.5 III)", The Astrophysical Journal, 932 (1): 57, Bibcode:2022ApJ...932...57H, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac69d6, S2CID 249880096 Check
|s2cid=value (help), 57. - Isidoro-García, L.; et al. (January 2022), "Theoretical lifetimes and Stark broadening parameters for visible-infrared spectral lines of V I in Arcturus", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 509 (3): 4538–4554, Bibcode:2022MNRAS.509.4538I, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3301.
- Kushniruk, Iryna; Bensby, Thomas (November 2019), "Disentangling the Arcturus stream", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 631: A47, arXiv:1909.04949, Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..47K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935234, S2CID 202558933, A47.
- Wood, M. P.; et al. (February 2018), "Vanadium Transitions in the Spectrum of Arcturus", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 234 (2): 25, arXiv:1712.06942, Bibcode:2018ApJS..234...25W, doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa9a41, S2CID 119356096, 25.
- Küker, M.; Rüdiger, G. (January 2011), "Differential rotation and meridional flow of Arcturus", Astronomische Nachrichten, 332 (1): 83, arXiv:1012.3321, Bibcode:2011AN....332...83K, doi:10.1002/asna.201011483.
- Lacour, S.; et al. (July 2008), "The limb-darkened Arcturus: imaging with the IOTA/IONIC interferometer", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 485 (2): 561–570, arXiv:0804.0192, Bibcode:2008A&A...485..561L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809611, S2CID 18853087.
- Brown, Kevin I. T.; et al. (June 2008), "Long-Term Spectroscopic Monitoring of Arcturus", The Astrophysical Journal, 679 (2): 1531–1540, Bibcode:2008ApJ...679.1531B, doi:10.1086/587783, S2CID 121170557.
- Tarrant, N. J.; et al. (November 2007), "Asteroseismology of red giants: photometric observations of Arcturus by SMEI", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 382 (1): L48–L52, arXiv:0706.3346, Bibcode:2007MNRAS.382L..48T, doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00387.x, S2CID 5666311.
- Brown, Kevin I. T. (February 2007), "Long-Term Spectroscopic and Precise Radial Velocity Monitoring of Arcturus", The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 119 (852): 237, Bibcode:2007PASP..119..237B, doi:10.1086/512731, S2CID 121637958.
- Gray, David F.; Brown, Kevin I. T. (August 2006), "The Rotation of Arcturus and Active Longitudes on Giant Stars", The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 118 (846): 1112–1118, Bibcode:2006PASP..118.1112G, doi:10.1086/507077, S2CID 120918694.
- Cohen, Martin; et al. (June 2005), "Far-Infrared and Millimeter Continuum Studies of K Giants: α Bootis and α Tauri", The Astronomical Journal, 129 (6): 2836–2848, arXiv:astro-ph/0502516, Bibcode:2005AJ....129.2836C, doi:10.1086/429887, S2CID 119419198.
- Navarro, Julio F.; et al. (January 2004), "The Extragalactic Origin of the Arcturus Group", The Astrophysical Journal, 601 (1): L43–L46, arXiv:astro-ph/0311107, Bibcode:2004ApJ...601L..43N, doi:10.1086/381751, S2CID 10638792.
- Retter, Alon; et al. (July 2003), "Oscillations in Arcturus from WIRE Photometry", The Astrophysical Journal, 591 (2): L151–L154, arXiv:astro-ph/0306056, Bibcode:2003ApJ...591L.151R, doi:10.1086/377211, S2CID 119083930.
- Ryde, N.; et al. (November 2002), "Detection of Water Vapor in the Photosphere of Arcturus", The Astrophysical Journal, 580 (1): 447–458, arXiv:astro-ph/0207368, Bibcode:2002ApJ...580..447R, doi:10.1086/343040, S2CID 7672420.
- Griffin, R. E. M.; Lynas-Gray, A. E. (June 1999), "The Effective Temperature of Arcturus", The Astronomical Journal, 117 (6): 2998–3006, Bibcode:1999AJ....117.2998G, doi:10.1086/300878, S2CID 120907426.
- Turner, Nils H.; et al. (May 1999), "Adaptive Optics Observations of Arcturus using the Mount Wilson 100 Inch Telescope", The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 111 (759): 556–558, Bibcode:1999PASP..111..556T, doi:10.1086/316353, S2CID 2441153.
- Griffin, R. F. (October 1998), "Arcturus as a double star", The Observatory, 118: 299–301, Bibcode:1998Obs...118..299G.
- Quirrenbach, A.; et al. (August 1996), "Angular diameter and limb darkening of Arcturus.", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 312: 160–166, Bibcode:1996A&A...312..160Q.
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