Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:17, 29 May 2026

TemplateStyles' src attribute must not be empty.

Template:Infobox writing system The Cyrillic script (/sɪˈrɪlɪk/ (Audio file "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Cyrillic.wav" not found) sih-RI-lik)^[1]^[2] is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages.

As of 2019^[update], around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them.^[3] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union in 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.^[4]

The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Constantine of Preslav, Joan Ekzarh, Chernorizets Hrabar, Angelar, Sava and other scholars.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril.

Etymology

Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves,^[9] its name denotes homage rather than authorship.^[10]

History

File:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana p169 Serbian Alphabet Serbian Language Serbian Literatue Saint Cyril and Metodius Illyrian 2 pages.png

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana attributed Cyrillic script to Saint Cyril and Methodius,14th century

File:Krepchanski manastir.jpg

View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Found here is the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated to 921.^[11]

File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov v3.png

I A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.

The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire.^[12] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:

Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.^[7]

A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar, among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.^[12]

Template:Alphabet

Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs.

Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter" typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century.

The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Cyrillic in modern-day Bosnia^[22]^[23] is an extinct and disputed variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval period. Paleographers consider the earliest features of script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.^[24] It was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage extending into the 20th century.^[25]

With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence.

In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture was also adopted.^[26] The pre-reform letterforms, called poluustav (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel.

The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e., Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.

Letters

File:Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7 DS-375 (cropped).jpg

Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.^[27]

Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.

The early Cyrillic alphabet^[28]^[29]
А	Б	В	Г	Д	Є^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Ж	Ꙃ^{[lower-alpha 2]}	Ꙁ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	И^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Ї^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Ꙉ	К	Л	М	Н^{[lower-alpha 6]}	О^{[lower-alpha 7]}	П	Ҁ^[30]	Р	С	Т	ОУ^{[lower-alpha 8]}
Ф	Х	Ѡ^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Ѿ	Ц	Ч	Ш	Щ	Ъ	ЪI^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Ь	Ѣ	Ꙗ	Ѥ	Ю^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Ѫ^{[lower-alpha 12]}	Ѭ	Ѧ^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Ѩ^{[lower-alpha 14]}	Ѯ	Ѱ	Ѳ	Ѵ

Majuscule and minuscule

Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.

File:Meletius Smotrisky Cyrillic Alphabet.PNG

A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)

Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ + І = Ы). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of І and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї, as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ. There were also commonly used ligatures like ѠТ = Ѿ.

Numbers

The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.^{[citation needed]}

Cyrillic numerals
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
А	В	Г	Д	Є (Е)	Ѕ (Ꙃ, Ꙅ)	З (Ꙁ)	И	Ѳ

10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
І (Ї)	К	Л	М	Н	Ѯ (Ч)	Ѻ (О)	П	Ч (Ҁ)

100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
Р	С	Т	Ѵ (Ѵ, Оу, Ꙋ)	Ф	Х	Ѱ	Ѡ (Ѿ, Ꙍ)	Ц (Ѧ)

Computer support

Computer fonts for early Cyrillic alphabets are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between manuscripts, and changed over time. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.

The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.^[31]

Currency signs

Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters:

The Ukrainian hryvnia sign (₴) is from the cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г).
The Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.
The Kyrgyzstani som sign (^С) from the majuscule С (es)
The Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т
The Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т

Letterforms and type design

The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century.^[32]^[33] Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.

Lowercase forms

File:Cyrillic upright-cursive-n.svg

Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odessa Script.)

Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Though both Latin and Cyrillic types feature letters whose upper- and lowercase forms differ more in size and proportion than in shape (such as Latin ⟨C c⟩, ⟨V v⟩, ⟨Z z⟩), these form a minority of the Latin alphabet but a majority of Cyrillic (particularly in upright rather than italic forms). Still, a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will include separate small-caps glyphs.^[34]

Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.^{[lower-alpha 15]} Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:^{[citation needed]}

File:Cyrillic alternates.svg

Alternative variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш.

Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.

Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.

Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.

See also:

File:Cyrillic cursive.svg

File:Special Cyrillics BGDPT.svg

Roman type is called pryamoy shrift ("upright type") – compare with Normalschrift ("regular type") in German
Italic type is called kursiv ("cursive") or kursivniy shrift ("cursive type") – from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing
Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift ("handwritten type") – in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally 'running type'
A (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is naklonniy shrift ("sloped" or "slanted type").
A boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift ("semi-bold type"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.

Italic and cursive forms

Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.

Differences between upright and italic Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet; italic forms significantly different from their upright analogues, or especially confusing to users of a Latin alphabet, are highlighted; also available as a graphical image.
upright	а	б	в	г	д	е	ё	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я
italic	а	б	в	г	д	е	ё	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я

Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨д⟩, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩, may look like Latin ⟨g⟩, and ⟨т⟩, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩, may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩.

In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,^[35] some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.^[36]

Mandatory (blue) and optional (green) italic lowercase variants, alongside unique letters (red), in South-European orthography
Russian	а	б	в	г	д	—	е	ж	з	и	й	—	к	л	—	м	н	—	о	п	р	с	т	—	у	ф	х	ц	ч	—	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я
Serbian	а	б	в	г	д	ђ	е	ж	з	и	—	ј	к	л	љ	м	н	њ	о	п	р	с	т	ћ	у	ф	х	ц	ч	џ	ш	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Simulation	а	δ	в	ī	ɡ	ђ	е	ж	з	и	—	ј	к	л	љ	м	н	њ	о	ū	р	с	ш̄	ћ	у	ф	х	ц	ч	џ	ш̱	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.

In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.^[37] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.

Differences between Russian and Bulgarian glyphs of upright Cyrillic lowercase letters; Bulgarian glyphs significantly different from their Russian analogues or different from their italic form are highlighted
default	а	б	в	г	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ь	ю	я
Bulgarian	а	б	в	г	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ь	ю	я
Simulation	а	б	ϐ	ƨ	ɡ	е	жl	ȝ	u	ŭ	k	ʌ	м	н	o	n	р	с	m	у	ɸ	х	u̡	ч	ɯ	ɯ̡	ъ	ƅ	lo	я

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.

Accessing variant forms

Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.^[38]

Cyrillic alphabets

Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:

Slavic languages:

Belarusian
Bulgarian
Macedonian
Pannonian Rusyn
Russian
Rusyn
Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian)
Ukrainian

Non-Slavic languages of Russia:

Non-Slavic languages in other countries:

Abkhaz
Aleut (mostly in church texts)
Dungan
Kazakh (to be replaced by Latin script^[39])
Kyrgyz
Mongolian (to also be written with traditional Mongolian script^[40])
Tajik
Tlingit (only in church texts)
Turkmen (officially replaced by Latin script)
Uzbek (generally replaced by Latin script but still used officially)
Yupik (in Alaska but replaced by Latin script)^{[citation needed]}
Judaeo-Spanish (almost never used)

The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,^[41] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and Slovenian), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East.

The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language.^[42] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages.^[43]

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

File:Cyrillic monument.jpg

Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski

Latin script

A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Moldavian SSR until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities until the early 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan transitioned from Cyrillic to Latin in 2025.^{[needs update]} The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.^{[citation needed]}

Template:CSS image crop

File:Cyrillic Europe.PNG

Cyrillic Script in Europe:

Sole official script of the official language(s)

Co-official script of the official language(s)

Striped countries have multiple official languages, one or more of which do not have Cyrillic as an official script.

Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;^[44] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.^[45]

The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.^[46]

Romanization

There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.

Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:

Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.
The Working Group on Romanization Systems^[47] of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.
BGN/PCGN Romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
GOST 16876, a defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.
Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.

Cyrillization

Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.

Summary table

Slavic Cyrillic letters
А A	А́ A with acute	А̀ A with grave	А̂ A with circumflex	А̄ A with macron	Ӑ A with breve	Ӓ A with diaeresis	Б Be	В Ve	Г Ge (Ghe)	Ґ Ghe upturn	Д De
Ђ Dje	Ѓ Gje	Е Ye	Е́ Ye with acute	Ѐ Ye with grave	Е̂ Ye with circumflex	Е̄ Ye with macron	Ё Yo	Є Ukrainian Ye	Є́ Ukrainian Ye with acute	Ж Zhe	З Ze
З́ Zje	Ѕ Dze	И I	І Dotted I	І́ Dotted I with acute	Ї Yi	Ꙇ Iota	И́ I with acute	Ѝ I with grave	И̂ I with circumflex	Ӣ I with macron	Й Short I
Ӥ I with diaeresis	Ј Je	К Ka	Л El	Љ Lje	М Em	Н En	Њ Nje	О O	О́ O with acute	О̀ O with grave	О̂ O with circumflex
О̄ O with macron	Ӧ O with diaeresis	П Pe	Р Er	С Es	С́ Sje	Т Te	Ћ Tje	Ќ Kje	У U	У́ U with acute	У̀ U with grave
У̂ U with circumflex	Ӯ U with macron	Ў Short U	Ӱ U with diaeresis	Ф Ef	Х Kha	Ц Tse	Ч Che	Џ Dzhe	Ш Sha	Щ Shcha	Ꙏ Neutral Yer
Ъ Hard sign (Yer)	Ъ̀ Hard sign with grave	Ы Yery	Ы́ Yery	Ь Soft sign (Yeri)	Э E	Э́ E with acute	Ю Yu	Ю́ Yu with acute	Ю̀ Yu with grave	Я Ya
Я́ Ya with acute	Я̀ Ya with grave
Examples of non-Slavic Cyrillic letters (see List of Cyrillic letters for more)
А̊ A with ring	Ә Schwa	Ӛ Schwa with diaeresis	Ӕ Ae	Ғ Ghayn	Ҕ Ge with middle hook	Ӻ Ghayn with hook	Ӷ Ge with descender	Ӂ Zhe with breve	Ӝ Zhe with diaeresis	Ҙ Dhe	Ӡ Abkhazian Dze
Ҡ Bashkir Qa	Ҟ Ka with stroke	Ӊ En with tail	Ң En with descender	Ӈ En with hook	Ҥ En-ge	О̆ O with breve	Ө Oe	Ҩ O-hook	Ҏ Er with tick	Ҫ The	Ҭ Te with descender
Ӳ U with double acute	Ү Ue	Ұ Kazakh Short U	Ҳ Kha with descender	Ӽ Kha with hook	Ӿ Kha with stroke	Һ Shha (He)	Ҵ Te Tse	Ҷ Che with descender	Ӌ Khakassian Che	Ҹ Che with vertical stroke	Ҽ Abkhazian Che
Ҍ Semisoft sign	Ӏ Palochka
Cyrillic letters used in the past
Ѣ Yat	Ꙗ Iotated A	Ѥ Iotated E	Ѧ Small yus	Ѫ Big yus	Ѩ Iotated small yus	Ѭ Iotated big yus	Ѯ Ksi	Ѱ Psi	Ꙟ Yn	Ѳ Fita	Ѵ Izhitsa
Ѷ Izhitsa okovy	Ҁ Koppa	ОУ Uk	Ѡ Omega	Ѿ Ot

Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
Early/Reference scripts
Greek	Α			Β	Γ		Δ			Ε					Ζ			Η	Θ	Ι				Κ		Λ		Μ		Ν			Ξ	Ο		Π		Ϙ	Ρ		Σ		Τ				Υ			Φ	Χ			Ψ	Ω
Church Slavonic	А		Б	В	Г		Д		Ѕ	Е			Ж		З			И	Ѳ	І				К		Л		М		Н			Ѯ	О		П		Ҁ	Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х			Ѱ	Ѡ	Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ѣ	Ь			Ю	Ꙗ			Ѥ	Ѧ	Ѩ	Ѫ	Ѭ	Ѵ
Most common shared letters
Common	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е			Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
South Slavic languages
Bulgarian	А		Б	В	Г		Д		Дз	Е			Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Дж	Ш		Щ	Ъ			Ь			Ю	Я
Macedonian	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ѓ	Ѕ	Е			Ж		З			И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С		Т		Ќ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
Serbian	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ђ		Е			Ж		З			И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С		Т		Ћ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
Montenegrin	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ђ		Е			Ж		З	З́		И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С	С́	Т		Ћ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
East Slavic languages
Russian	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Belarusian	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д	Дж	Дз	Е		Ё	Ж		З					І			Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш			'	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Ukrainian	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д			Е	Є	Йо	Ж		З			И		І		Ї	Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	'			Ь			Ю	Я
Rusyn	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д			Е	Є	Ё	Ж		З			И		І		Ї	Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь			Ю	Я
Iranian languages
Kurdish	А		Б	В	Г	Г'	Д			Е	Ә	Ә'	Ж		З			И					Й	К	К'	Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П	П'		Р	Р'	С		Т		Т'		У			Ф	Х	Һ	Һ'							Ч	Ч'	Ш		Щ				Ь	Э				Ԛ	Ԝ
Ossetian	А	Ӕ	Б	В	Г	Гъ	Д	Дж	Дз	Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	Къ	Л		М		Н				О		П	Пъ		Р		С		Т		Тъ		У			Ф	Х	Хъ				Ц	Цъ			Ч	Чъ	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Tajik	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И			Ӣ		Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӯ		Ф	Х	Ҳ								Ч	Ҷ	Ш			Ъ				Э		Ю	Я
Romance languages
Moldovan (Romanian)	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е			Ж	Ӂ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш				Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Uralic languages
Komi-Permyak	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И		І			Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Meadow Mari	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ҥ			О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӱ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Hill Mari	А	Ӓ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӱ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ӹ	Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kildin Sami	А	Ӓ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И			Й	Ҋ	Ј	К		Л	Ӆ	М	Ӎ	Н	Ӊ	Ӈ		О		П			Р	Ҏ	С		Т				У			Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Ҍ	Э	Ӭ	Ю	Я
Udmurt	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Ӝ	З	Ӟ		И		Ӥ	Й			К	(К̈)	Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Ӵ	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Turkic languages
Azerbaijani	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е	Ә	Ё	Ж		З			И			Ј		Й	К	Ҝ	Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч	Ҹ	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Bashkir	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д		Ҙ	Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	Ҡ	Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С	Ҫ	Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э	Ә	Ю	Я
Chuvash	А	Ӑ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е	Ё	Ӗ	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С	Ҫ	Т				У	Ӳ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kazakh	А	Ә	Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И		І			Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ұ	Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kyrgyz	А		Б		Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х									Ч		Ш				Ы			Э		Ю	Я
Tatar	А	Ә	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Uzbek	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў		Ф	Х	Ҳ								Ч		Ш			Ъ				Э		Ю	Я
Mongolian languages
Buryat	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й			Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш				Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Khalkha	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kalmyk	А	Ә	Б	В	Г	Һ	Д			Е			Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х					Ц				Ч		Ш						Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Caucasian languages
Abkhaz	А		Б	В	Г	Ҕ	Д	Дә	Џ	Е	Ҽ	Ҿ	Ж	Жә	З	Ӡ	Ӡә	И				Й	К	Қ	Ҟ	Л		М		Н				О	Ҩ	П	Ҧ		Р		С		Т	Тә	Ҭ	Ҭә	У			Ф	Х	Ҳ	Ҳә			Ц	Цә	Ҵ	Ҵә	Ч	Ҷ	Ш	Шә	Щ		Ы
Sino-Tibetan languages
Dungan	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң	Ә		О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў	Ү	Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я

Ё in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).^[48]

Computer encoding

Unicode

As of Unicode version Template:Unicode version, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:

The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, no longer used. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.

Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:

combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ѐ, Ѝ;
a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.

To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT: е́ у́ э́ etc.).

Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported.^{[citation needed]}

Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.^[49]

Other

Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:

CP866 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
ISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
KOI8-R – 8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the most significant bit from each byte – the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unix systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
KOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
MIK – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in MS-DOS.
Windows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding – 32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.
GOST-main.
GB 2312 – Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
JIS and Shift JIS – Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).

Keyboard layouts

Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from traditional national typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration (translit) or look-alike (volapuk encoding) to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Potentially, these proxy versions could be transformed programmatically into Cyrillic at a later date.

Notes

↑ Variant form: E.
↑ Variant forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.
↑ Variant form: З.
↑ Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.
↑ Variant form: І.
↑ Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.
↑ Variant form: Ѻ.
↑ Variant forms: ОѴ, Ꙋ.
↑ Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.
↑ Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.
↑ Variant form: Ꙕ.
↑ Variant form: Ꙛ.
↑ Variant form: Ꙙ.
↑ Variant form: Ꙝ.
↑ The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.

Footnotes

↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
↑ Template:Cite MW
↑ List of countries by population
↑ Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
↑ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.
↑ Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.
↑ Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4. Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria (where they had retired at the invitation of the Czar of the Bulgars as a more favorable field for their activities, after encountering opposition from western oriented missionaries in Moravia).
↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ...
↑ "Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021. Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
↑ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
↑ Template:ODB
↑ Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.
↑ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.
↑ Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.
↑ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.
↑ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.
↑ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.
↑ Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.
↑ "Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH". Ivan Lovrenović (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
↑ Iliev, Ivan G. (2013). "Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet". International Journal of Russian Studies (2). Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
↑ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
↑ "Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
↑ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
↑ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
↑ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
↑ "Script and font support in Windows - Globalization | Microsoft Learn". Microsoft Learn. Archived from the original on 3 January 2026. Retrieved 5 February 2026.
↑ Holland, Martha A. (2017). "Russian Orthographic Reform". Mānoa Horizons. 2: 11–19. Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
↑ Eustace, S.S. (1974). "A proposed transcription of Russian Cyrillic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 4 (1): 45–46. doi:10.1017/S0025100300000943. JSTOR 44526730. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
↑ Bringhurst (2002) writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).
↑ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
↑ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.
↑ "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
↑ "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com". 24 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
↑ "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
↑ Ankhtuya (20 March 2020). "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
↑ "Alaskan Orthodox texts". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
↑ Iliev, Ivan G. "SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
↑ "Komi language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
↑ "Serbian constitution". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
↑ "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 July 2025. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
↑ Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), "8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.
↑ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2004.
↑ Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). "Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
↑ "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

References

Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style. 2.5. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. pp. 262–264. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
Template:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250

External links

The Cyrillic Charset Soup overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица (archived 22 February 2014)
Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog, article about the Cyrillic script
Template:Cite podcast
Unicode collation charts—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape

Template:Cyrillic navbox Template:List of writing systems

[30] Variant form: E.

[31] Variant forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.

[32] Variant form: З.

[33] Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.

[34] Variant form: І.

[35] Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.

[36] Variant form: Ѻ.

[38] Variant forms: ОѴ, Ꙋ.

[39] Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.

[40] Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.

[41] Variant form: Ꙕ.

[42] Variant form: Ꙛ.

[43] Variant form: Ꙙ.

[44] Variant form: Ꙝ.

[49] The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.

[1] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[2] Template:Cite MW

[3] List of countries by population

[4] Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.

[5] Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.

[6] Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.

[FOOTNOTECurta2006221–222-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.

[8] Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.

[9] Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4. Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria (where they had retired at the invitation of the Czar of the Bulgars as a more favorable field for their activities, after encountering opposition from western oriented missionaries in Moravia).

[10] MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ...

[11] "Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021. Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."

[Cubberley1996-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.

[Columbia_Encyclopedia_1972,_p._846-13] Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.

[ReferenceB-14] The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."

[BritGlago-15] Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."

[16] Template:ODB

[ReferenceA-17] Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.

[18] Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.

[19] Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.

[20] Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.

[fortson-21] Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.

[Balic-22] Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.

[23] Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.

[dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac-24] "Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH". Ivan Lovrenović (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

[ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY-25] Iliev, Ivan G. (2013). "Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet". International Journal of Russian Studies (2). Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

[Civil_Type-26] Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.

[27] "Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[28] А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.

[29] Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.

[Lunt-37] Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.

[45] "Script and font support in Windows - Globalization | Microsoft Learn". Microsoft Learn. Archived from the original on 3 January 2026. Retrieved 5 February 2026.

[46] Holland, Martha A. (2017). "Russian Orthographic Reform". Mānoa Horizons. 2: 11–19. Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2025.

[47] Eustace, S.S. (1974). "A proposed transcription of Russian Cyrillic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 4 (1): 45–46. doi:10.1017/S0025100300000943. JSTOR 44526730. Retrieved 5 October 2025.

[48] Bringhurst (2002) writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).

[50] Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

[51] Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.

[52] "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

[53] "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com". 24 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.

[MongolSwitch-54] "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.

[KazSwitch-55] Ankhtuya (20 March 2020). "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

[56] "Alaskan Orthodox texts". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.

[57] Iliev, Ivan G. "SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.

[58] "Komi language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

[59] "Serbian constitution". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2014.

[60] "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 July 2025. Retrieved 16 August 2025.

[61] Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), "8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.

[62] "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2004.

[63] Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). "Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.

[64] "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[lower-alpha 5]

[lower-alpha 6]

[lower-alpha 7]

[30]

[lower-alpha 8]

[lower-alpha 9]

[lower-alpha 10]

[lower-alpha 11]

[lower-alpha 12]

[lower-alpha 13]

[lower-alpha 14]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[lower-alpha 15]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:17, 29 May 2026

Contents

Etymology

History

Letters

Majuscule and minuscule

Numbers

Computer support

Currency signs

Letterforms and type design

Lowercase forms

Italic and cursive forms

Accessing variant forms

Cyrillic alphabets

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

Latin script

Romanization

Cyrillization

Summary table

Computer encoding

Unicode

Other

Keyboard layouts

See also

Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Writing system used for various Eurasian languages}}
+{{Short description|Writing system}}
 {{Redirect2|Cyrillic|Cyrillic alphabet|the national variants of the Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabets|other uses|Cyrillic (disambiguation)}}
 {{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | time        = [[early Cyrillic alphabet|Earliest variants]] exist {{circa|893}}<ref name="Auty">Auty, R. ''Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary.'' 1977.</ref> – {{circa|940}}
 | direction   = Left-to-right
-| languages   = See [[Cyrillic alphabets|Languages using Cyrillic]]
+| languages   = See [[Cyrillic alphabets|languages using Cyrillic]]
-| official script = {{Collapsible list
+| states      =
-  |title = 7 sovereign states<!-- The official script of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan is Latin, as is clear from the articles about those countries so any different status will need reliable sources. -->
- |{{flag|Belarus}}
- |{{flag|Bulgaria}}
- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
- |{{flag|Russia}}
- |{{flag|Serbia}}{{Efn|The Serbian language can be written in both Cyrillic and Latin script. Only Cyrillic script is used in official documents.}}
- |{{flag|Ukraine}}
- |{{flag|Tajikistan}}
- |'''3 partially recognised states'''
- |{{flag|Abkhazia}}
- |{{flag|South Ossetia}}
- |{{flag|Transnistria}}
- }}
-{{Collapsible list
-  |title = 5 intergovernmental organizations
-| {{flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}
-| {{flag|Eurasian Economic Union}}
-| {{flag|European Union}}
-| [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
-| {{flag|United Nations}}
-}}
-'''Co-official script in:'''
-{{Collapsible list
-  |title      = 5 sovereign states{{Efn|Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (''Türkmenistan'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetler &#124; TDNG |url=https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035750/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=metbugat.gov.tm}}</ref> and Russian [[Neytralny Turkmenistan|(''Нейтральный Туркменистан'')]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetler &#124; TDNG |url=https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033446/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=metbugat.gov.tm}}</ref>}}
- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{Efn|Two of the three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian and Serbian, can be written in Cyrillic.}}
- |{{flag|Kazakhstan}}{{Efn|Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2023|reason=Kazakh language is confirmed to be transitioned to a Latin script beginning in 2023, a cite should be added if the transition has already begun or see is going to later during the year. As long as Russian is the second official language in the country, Kazakhstan should not be removed from the list}}
- |{{flag|Mongolia}}{{Efn|Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the [[Mongolian script]].}}
- |{{flag|Montenegro}}{{Efn|The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.}}
- |{{flag|North Macedonia}}{{Efn|North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.}}
- |'''1 partially recognised state'''
- |{{flag|Kosovo}}{{Efn|Serbian, one of the two official languages in Kosovo, can be written in Cyrillic.}}
-}}
-| states      =
 | footnotes   = Names: {{langx|be|кірыліца}}; {{langx|bg|кирилица}} {{IPA|bg|ˈkirilit͡sɐ|}}; {{langx|mk|кирилица}} {{IPA|mk|kiˈrilit͡sa|}}; {{langx|ru|кириллица}} {{IPA|ru|kʲɪˈrʲilʲɪtsə|}}; {{langx|sr|ћирилица}} {{IPA|sr|t͡ɕirǐlit͡sa|}}; {{langx|uk|кирилиця}} {{IPA|uk|kɪˈrɪlɪt͡sʲɐ|}}.
-| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm Oldest alphabet found in Egypt]. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.</ref>
+| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm Oldest alphabet found in Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607101606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm |date=7 June 2017 }}. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.</ref>
 | fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
 | fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
-| fam4       = [[Greek script]]
+| fam4        = [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] (with influence from [[Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]])
-| fam5        = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] also inspired by [[Uncial script]]
+| fam5        = [[Early Cyrillic alphabet|Early Cyrillic]]
-| fam6        = [[Early Cyrillic script]]
 | sisters     = {{plainlist|
-*[[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]
+* [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]
-*[[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]]
+* [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]]
-*[[Latin script|Latin]]
+* [[Latin script|Latin]]
 }}
 | children    = [[Old Permic script]]
 | unicode     = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U+0400–U+04FF] {{smaller|Cyrillic}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf U+0500–U+052F] {{smaller|Cyrillic Supplement}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf U+2DE0–U+2DFF] {{smaller|Cyrillic Extended-A}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf U+A640–U+A69F] {{smaller|Cyrillic Extended-B}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C80.pdf U+1C80–U+1C8F] {{smaller|Cyrillic Extended-C}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E030.pdf U+1E030–U+1E08F] {{smaller|Cyrillic Extended-D}}}}
 | iso15924    = Cyrl
-| iso15924 note = <br/><code>Cyrs</code> ([[Old Church Slavonic]] variant)
+| iso15924 note = <br /><code>Cyrs</code> ([[Old Church Slavonic]] variant)
 | sample      = Romanian Cyrillic - Lord's Prayer text.svg
-| caption     = 1850s Romanian text (Lord's Prayer), written with the Cyrillic script
+| caption     = 1850s Romanian-language text (Lord's Prayer), written with a Romanian variant of the Cyrillic script<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg</ref>
 }}
 The '''Cyrillic script''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|ɹ|ɪ|l|ᵻ|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Cyrillic.wav}} {{respell|sih|RI|lik}})<ref>{{Cite OED|term=Cyrillic|id=1142284800|access-date=2025-04-15|access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite MW|Cyrillic|access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref> is a [[writing system]] used for various languages across [[Eurasia]]. It is the designated national script in various [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], [[Caucasian languages|Caucasian]] and [[Iranian languages|Iranic]]-speaking countries in [[Southeastern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Asia]], and [[East Asia]], and used by many other [[minority language]]s.
-{{As of|2019|}}, around 250&nbsp;million people in [[Eurasia]] use Cyrillic as the official script for their [[national language]]s, with [[Russia]] accounting for about half of them.<ref>[[List of countries by population]]</ref> With the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]] on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the [[Languages of the European Union#Writing systems|European Union]], following the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Leonard |last1=Orban |title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[European Union]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |date=24 May 2007}}</ref>
+{{As of|2019|}}, around 250&nbsp;million people in [[Eurasia]] use Cyrillic as the official script for their [[national language]]s, with [[Russia]] accounting for about half of them.<ref>[[List of countries by population]]</ref> With the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]] in 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the [[Languages of the European Union#Writing systems|European Union]], following the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Leonard |last1=Orban |title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[European Union]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |date=24 May 2007}}</ref>
 The [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was developed during the 9th century AD at the [[Preslav Literary School]] in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the reign of [[Tsar]] [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I the Great]], probably by the disciples of the two [[Byzantine]] brothers [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]], who had previously created the [[Glagolitic script]]. Among them were [[Clement of Ohrid]], [[Naum of Preslav]], [[Constantine of Preslav]], [[John the Exarch|Joan Ekzarh]], [[Chernorizets Hrabar]], [[Saint Angelar|Angelar]], [[Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)|Sava]] and other scholars.<ref>''Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures'', David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'', p. 151, 1997; Lunt, ''Slavic Review'', June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, ''Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies''; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, ''A Handbook of Slavic Studies'', p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, ''History of the ancient Serbian literature'', Belgrade, 1980, p.&nbsp;119.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Francis |last=Dvornik |title=The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor |url-access=limited |quote=The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the [[Glagolitic script]] was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs. |year=1956 |place=Boston |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |page=[https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor/page/n184 179] }}</ref>{{sfnp|Curta|2006|pp=221–222}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR98 |chapter=The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire |title=Oxford History of the Christian Church |first1=J. M. |last1=Hussey |first2=Andrew |last2=Louth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-161488-0 |pages=100 }}</ref> The script is named in honor of [[Cyril the Philosopher|Saint Cyril]].
@@ Line 79: / Line 42: @@
 [[Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]] attributed [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic script]] to [[Cyril and Methodius|Saint Cyril and Methodius]],14th century
 ]]
-[[File:Krepchanski_manastir.jpg|thumb|left|View of the cave monastery near the village of [[Krepcha]], [[Opaka Municipality]] in Bulgaria. Found here is the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated to 921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/провежда-се-международна-конференци/ |title=Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир  |trans-title=An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery |date=October 15, 2021 |quote=Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Krepchanski_manastir.jpg|thumb|left|View of the cave monastery near the village of [[Krepcha]], [[Opaka Municipality]] in Bulgaria. Found here is the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated to 921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8/ |title=Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир |trans-title=An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery |date=October 15, 2021 |quote=Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..." |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408030349/https://dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
 [[File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov v3.png|thumb|left|I A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by [[Ivan Fedorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1574 in [[Lviv]]. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.]]The Cyrillic script was created during the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref name=Cubberley1996>Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. ''The World's Writing Systems.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-507993-0}}.</ref> Modern scholars believe that the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was created at the [[Preslav Literary School]], the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all [[Slavs]]:
 {{blockquote|Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the [[Glagolitic script]]s in favor of an adaptation of the Greek [[Uncial script|uncial]] to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.{{sfnp|Curta|2006|pp=221–222}}}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 78: @@
 |year=1983}}</ref><ref name=fortson>Benjamin W. Fortson. ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', p.&nbsp;374.</ref>
-Cyrillic in modern-day Bosnia<ref name=Balic>{{cite book |title=Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen |last=Balić |first=Smail |year=1978 |publisher=Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna |location=Vienna |pages=49–50, 111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage |last=Algar |first=Hamid |year=1995 |publisher=Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=254–268 }}</ref> is an extinct and disputed variant of the [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] that originated in [[medieval Bosnia|medieval period]]. Paleographers consider the earliest features of script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the [[Humac tablet]] to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.<ref name="dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac">{{cite web |title=Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH  |url=http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |website=Ivan Lovrenović |publisher=Polemics appeared between [[Srećko M. Džaja]] & [[Ivan Lovrenović]] in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42 |access-date=6 June 2018 |language=hr |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411013513/http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage extending into the 20th century.<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY">{{cite journal |last1=Iliev |first1=Ivan G.|title=Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet |date=2013 |url=http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html |journal=International Journal of Russian Studies |issue=2 |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>
+Cyrillic in modern-day Bosnia<ref name=Balic>{{cite book |title=Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen |last=Balić |first=Smail |year=1978 |publisher=Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna |location=Vienna |pages=49–50, 111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage |last=Algar |first=Hamid |year=1995 |publisher=Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=254–268 }}</ref> is an extinct and disputed variant of the [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] that originated in [[medieval Bosnia|medieval period]]. Paleographers consider the earliest features of script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the [[Humac tablet]] to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.<ref name="dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac">{{cite web |title=Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH  |url=http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |website=Ivan Lovrenović |publisher=Polemics appeared between [[Srećko M. Džaja]] & [[Ivan Lovrenović]] in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42 |access-date=6 June 2018 |language=hr |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411013513/http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage extending into the 20th century.<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY">{{cite journal |last1=Iliev |first1=Ivan G. |title=Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet |date=2013 |url=http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html |journal=International Journal of Russian Studies |issue=2 |access-date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801134729/http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 With the orthographic reform of Saint [[Patriarch Evtimiy of Bulgaria|Evtimiy of Tarnovo]] and other prominent representatives of the [[Tarnovo Literary School]] of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as [[Gregory Tsamblak]] and [[Constantine of Kostenets]], the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second [[South Slavs|South-Slavic]] influence.
@@ Line 124: / Line 87: @@
 ==Letters==
-[[File:Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7 DS-375 (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]
+[[File:Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7 DS-375 (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=30&xywh=-810,-1,7145,4335|access-date=2020-08-26|website=lib.ugent.be|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022014341/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=30&xywh=-810,-1,7145,4335|url-status=live}}</ref>]]Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as [[Old East Slavic]]. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.
-|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=30&xywh=-810,-1,7145,4335|access-date=2020-08-26 |website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as [[Old East Slavic]]. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.
 {| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" class="Unicode" summary="Letters of the early Cyrillic alphabet"
 |+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The [[early Cyrillic alphabet]]<ref>А. Н. Стеценко. ''Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку'', 1984.</ref><ref>Cubberley, Paul. ''The Slavic Alphabets'', 1996.</ref>
 |-
-| {{script|Cyrs|{{script|Cyrs|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}}}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}} || [[Ukrainian Ye|Є]]{{efn|Variant form: E.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Dze (Cyrillic)|Ꙃ]]}}{{efn|Variant  forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|Ꙁ]]}}{{efn|Variant  form: З.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}{{efn|Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї]]}}{{efn|Variant form: І.}}
+| {{script|Cyrs|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ukrainian Ye|Є]]}}{{efn|Variant form: E.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Dze (Cyrillic)|Ꙃ]]}}{{efn|Variant  forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|Ꙁ]]}}{{efn|Variant  form: З.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}{{efn|Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї]]}}{{efn|Variant form: І.}}
-|[[Djerv|Ꙉ]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}{{efn|Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ѻ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}
+|{{script|Cyrs|[[Djerv|Ꙉ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}{{efn|Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ѻ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[Koppa (Cyrillic)|Ҁ]]}}<ref name="Lunt">Lunt, Horace G. ''Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition'', 2001.</ref>|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Uk (Cyrillic)|ОУ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ОѴ, Ꙋ.}}
 |-
-| [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.}}|| [[Ot (Cyrillic)|Ѿ]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Shcha|Щ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yer|Ъ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yery|ЪI]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[soft sign|Ь]]}}
+| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ot (Cyrillic)|Ѿ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Shcha|Щ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yer|Ъ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yery|ЪI]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[soft sign|Ь]]}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[yat|Ѣ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Iotated A (Cyrillic)|Ꙗ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Iotated E (Cyrillic)|Ѥ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѫ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙛ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѭ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѧ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙙ.}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѩ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙝ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ksi (Cyrillic)|Ѯ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Fita|Ѳ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Izhitsa|Ѵ]]}}
 |}
@@ Line 172: / Line 134: @@
 [[Computer font]]s for early Cyrillic alphabets are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between [[manuscript]]s, and changed over time.  In accordance with [[Unicode]] policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or [[Ligature (typography)|ligatures]] found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.
-The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern [[Church Slavonic]] language. In Microsoft Windows, the [[Segoe UI]] user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
+The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern [[Church Slavonic]] language. In Microsoft Windows, the [[Segoe UI]] user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Script and font support in Windows - Globalization {{!}} Microsoft Learn |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/segoe-ui |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103092901/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/fonts-layout/font-support |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026 |website=Microsoft Learn}}</ref>
 ===Currency signs===
@@ Line 178: / Line 140: @@
 * The Ukrainian [[hryvnia sign]] (₴) is from the [[cursive]] [[minuscule]] [[Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian Cyrillic letter]] [[Ge (Cyrillic)|He]] (<span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">''г''</span>).
 * The Russian [[ruble sign]] (₽) from the majuscule Р.
-* The [[Kyrgyzstani som]] sign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)
+* The [[Kyrgyzstani som]] sign (<sup>{{underline|С}}</sup>) from the majuscule С (es) <!-- Kyrgyzstani som sign is still tofu on Android at least, so best to simulate it for now. Its Unicode codepoint is 20C0, so {{unichar|20C0}} should be tested annually until it starts working. -->
 * The [[Kazakhstani tenge]] sign (₸) from Т
 * The [[Mongolian tögrög]] sign (₮) from Т
@@ Line 185: / Line 147: @@
 The development of Cyrillic [[letter form]]s passed directly from the [[medieval]] stage to the late [[Baroque]], without a [[Renaissance]] phase as in [[Western Europe]]. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as [[vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)|vyaz']] and still found on many [[icon]] inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.
-[[Peter the Great]], Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of [[Civil script|westernized letter forms]] ([[:ru:Гражданский шрифт|ru]]) in the early 18th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of [[serif]]s, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic [[typeface|types]] are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic [[computer font]]s from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
+[[Peter the Great]], Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of [[Civil script|westernized letter forms]] ([[:ru:Гражданский шрифт|ru]]) in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holland |first=Martha A. |date=2017 |title=Russian Orthographic Reform |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c5b4fc0-ec20-45f0-8946-04b1a3160a8d/content |journal=Mānoa Horizons |volume=2 |pages=11–19 |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112090600/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c5b4fc0-ec20-45f0-8946-04b1a3160a8d/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eustace |first=S.S. |date=1974 |title=A proposed transcription of Russian Cyrillic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526730 |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |doi= 10.1017/S0025100300000943|jstor=44526730 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of [[serif]]s, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic [[typeface|types]] are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic [[computer font]]s from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
 === Lowercase forms ===
-[[File:Cyrillic upright-cursive-n.svg|frame|right|Letters [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Ge]], [[De (Cyrillic)|De]], [[I (Cyrillic)|I]], [[Short I]], [[Em (Cyrillic)|Em]], [[Te (Cyrillic)|Te]], [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Tse]], [[Be (Cyrillic)|Be]] and [[Ve (Cyrillic)|Ve]] in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)]]
+[[File:Cyrillic upright-cursive-n.svg|frame|right|Letters [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Ge]], [[De (Cyrillic)|De]], [[I (Cyrillic)|I]], [[Short I]], [[Em (Cyrillic)|Em]], [[Te (Cyrillic)|Te]], [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Tse]], [[Be (Cyrillic)|Be]] and [[Ve (Cyrillic)|Ve]] in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odessa Script.)]]
-Cyrillic [[capital letters|uppercase]] and [[lower case|lowercase]] letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially [[small caps|small capitals]] (with exceptions: Cyrillic {{angle bracket|а}}, {{angle bracket|е}}, {{angle bracket|і}}, {{angle bracket|ј}}, {{angle bracket|р}}, and {{angle bracket|у}} adopted Latin lowercase shapes, lowercase {{angle bracket|ф}} is typically based on {{angle bracket|p}} from Latin typefaces, lowercase {{angle bracket|б}}, {{angle bracket|ђ}} and {{angle bracket|ћ}} are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.<ref>{{harvp|Bringhurst|2002}} writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p.&nbsp;32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p.&nbsp;107).</ref>
+Cyrillic [[capital letters|uppercase]] and [[lower case|lowercase]] letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Though both Latin and Cyrillic types feature letters whose upper- and lowercase forms differ more in size and proportion than in shape (such as Latin {{angle bracket|C c}}, {{angle bracket|V v}}, {{angle bracket|Z z}}), these form a minority of the Latin alphabet but a majority of Cyrillic (particularly in upright rather than italic forms). Still, a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will include separate [[small caps|small-caps]] glyphs.<ref>{{harvp|Bringhurst|2002}} writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p.&nbsp;32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p.&nbsp;107).</ref>
 Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have [[roman type|roman]] and [[italic type|italic]] forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.{{efn|The Russian name {{lang|ru-Latn|ital'yanskiy shrift}} (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas {{lang|ru-Latn|rimskiy shrift}} (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.}} Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}<!-- When a citation is found, please recycle at [[Typeface#Style of typefaces]] -->
 [[File:Cyrillic alternates.svg|thumb|right|200px|
 Alternative variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш.
 {{legend|#9CC2E5|Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.}}
 {{legend|#F4B083|Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.}}
 {{legend|#FFD966|Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.}}
 ''See also:''<br>
@@ Line 241: / Line 203: @@
 {{anchor|Bulgarian}}
-In the [[Bulgarian alphabet]], many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cargocollective.com/cyrillicslyblog/Two-Cyrillics-a-critical-history-I| title = Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I}}</ref> Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.
+In the [[Bulgarian alphabet]], many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cargocollective.com/cyrillicslyblog/Two-Cyrillics-a-critical-history-I| title = Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I| access-date = 1 July 2021| archive-date = 24 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024202703/http://cargocollective.com/cyrillicslyblog/Two-Cyrillics-a-critical-history-I| url-status = live}}</ref> Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.
 {| border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=1 style="padding:0 .5em .2em; border:1px solid #999; margin:1em 0;"
@@ Line 268: / Line 230: @@
 '''Slavic languages''':
-*[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
+* [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
-*[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
+* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
-*[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
+* [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
-*[[Russian language|Russian]]
+* [[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]]
-*[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
+* [[Russian language|Russian]]
-*[[Serbo-Croatian]] ([[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]])
+* [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
-*[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
+* [[Serbo-Croatian]] ([[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]])
+* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
 '''Non-Slavic languages of Russia''':
-{{Col-begin}}
-{{Col-2}}
+{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
-*[[Abaza language|Abaza]]
+* [[Abaza language|Abaza]]
-*[[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]
+* [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]
-*[[Avar language|Avar]]
+* [[Avar language|Avar]]
-*[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (in [[Dagestan]])
+* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (in [[Dagestan]])
-*[[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
+* [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
-*[[Buryat language|Buryat]]
+* [[Buryat language|Buryat]]
-*[[Chechen language|Chechen]]
+* [[Chechen language|Chechen]]
-*[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
+* [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
-*[[Erzya language|Erzya]]
+* [[Erzya language|Erzya]]
-*[[Ingush language|Ingush]]
+* [[Ingush language|Ingush]]
-*[[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]
+* [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]
-*[[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]]
+* [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]]
-*[[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]]
+* [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]]
-{{Col-2}}
+* [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin Sami]]
-*[[Kildin Sami language|Kildin Sami]]
+* [[Komi language|Komi]]
-*[[Komi language|Komi]]
+* [[Mari language|Mari]]
-*[[Mari language|Mari]]
+* [[Moksha language|Moksha]]
-*[[Moksha language|Moksha]]
+* [[Nogai language|Nogai]]
-*[[Nogai language|Nogai]]
+* [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] (in [[North Ossetia–Alania]])
-*[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] (in [[North Ossetia–Alania]])
+* [[Romani orthography#Cyrillic script|Romani]]
-*[[Romani orthography#Cyrillic script|Romani]]
+* [[Sakha language|Sakha/Yakut]]
-*[[Sakha language|Sakha/Yakut]]
+* [[Tatar language|Tatar]]
-*[[Tatar language|Tatar]]
+* [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]
-*[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]
+* [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
-*[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
+* [[Siberian Yupik language|Yuit]] (Yupik)
-*[[Siberian Yupik language|Yuit]] (Yupik)
+{{Div col end}}
-{{Col-end}}
 '''Non-Slavic languages in other countries''':
-{{Col-begin}}
-{{Col-2}}
+{{Div col|colwidth=16em}}
-*[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
+* [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
-*[[Aleut language|Aleut]] (mostly in church texts)
+* [[Aleut language|Aleut]] (mostly in church texts)
-*[[Dungan language|Dungan]]
+* [[Dungan language|Dungan]]
-*[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] (to be replaced by Latin script by 2031<ref name="MongolSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|title=Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters|agency=Reuters|date=2017-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>)
+* [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] (to be replaced by Latin script<ref name="MongolSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|title=Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters|agency=Reuters|date=2017-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028001847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|url-status=live}}</ref>)
-*[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
+* [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
-{{Col-2}}
+* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (to also be written with traditional [[Mongolian script]]<ref name="KazSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://news.mn/en/791396|title=Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025|last=Ankhtuya |date=2020-03-20|work=News.MN|access-date=2020-06-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>)
-*[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (to also be written with traditional [[Mongolian script]] by 2025<ref name="KazSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://news.mn/en/791396|title=Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025|last=The Times|date=2020-03-20|work=News.MN|access-date=2020-06-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>)
+* [[Tajik language|Tajik]]
-*[[Tajik language|Tajik]]
+* [[Tlingit alphabet#Cyrillic alphabets|Tlingit]] (only in church texts)
-*[[Tlingit alphabet#Cyrillic alphabets|Tlingit]] (only in church texts)
+* [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] (officially replaced by Latin script)
-*[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] (officially replaced by Latin script)
+* [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] (generally replaced by Latin script but still used officially)
-*[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] (generally replaced by Latin script but still used officially)
+* [[Yupik languages#Writing systems|Yupik]] (in [[Alaska]] but replaced by [[Latin script]]){{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
-*[[Yupik languages#Writing systems|Yupik]] (in [[Alaska]]){{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
+* [[Judaeo-Spanish#Writing systems|Judaeo-Spanish]] (almost never used)
-{{Col-end}}
+{{Div col end}}
 The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaskan Orthodox texts |url=http://www.asna.ca/alaska/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164728/http://www.asna.ca/alaska/ |archive-date=Jul 6, 2011 |access-date=2011-06-20 |website=All Saints of North America Orthodox Church}}</ref> [[Slavic Europe]] (except for [[Western Slavs|Western Slavic]] and [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]), the [[Caucasus]], the languages of [[Idel-Ural]], [[Siberia]], and the [[Russian Far East]].
-The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was [[Abur]], used for the [[Komi language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET |first1=Ivan G. |last1=Iliev |url=https://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=International Journal of Russian Studies }}</ref> Other Cyrillic alphabets include the [[Molodtsov alphabet]] for the Komi language and various alphabets for [[Caucasian languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komi language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/komi.htm |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref>
+The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was [[Abur]], used for the [[Komi language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET |first1=Ivan G. |last1=Iliev |url=https://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=International Journal of Russian Studies }}</ref> Other Cyrillic alphabets include the [[Molodtsov alphabet]] for the Komi language and various alphabets for [[Caucasian languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komi language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/komi.htm |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=omniglot.com |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925175940/https://omniglot.com/writing/komi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts==
@@ Line 331: / Line 294: @@
 ===Latin script===
-A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a [[Latin alphabet]], such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]] until 1989 and in the [[Danubian Principalities]] until the early 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of [[Transnistria]], where [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet|Moldovan Cyrillic]] is official), [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Uzbekistan]] still uses both systems, and [[Kazakhstan]] has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The [[Russia]]n government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all [[federal subjects of Russia]], to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
+A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a [[Latin alphabet]], such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]] until 1989 and in the [[Danubian Principalities]] until the early 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of [[Transnistria]], where [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet|Moldovan Cyrillic]] is official), [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Uzbekistan]] still uses both systems, and [[Kazakhstan]] transitioned from Cyrillic to Latin in 2025.{{Update inline|date=January 2025}} The [[Russia]]n government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all [[federal subjects of Russia]], to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
 {{CSS image crop
@@ Line 344: / Line 307: @@
 {{legend|#0b280b|Sole official script}}
 {{legend|#44aa00|Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)}}
-{{legend|#99d400|Being replaced with Latin, but is still in official use}}
+{{legend|#99d400|Being replaced with another script, but is still in official use}}
 {{legend|#ccffaa|Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use}}
 {{legend|#D7D7D7|Cyrillic is not widely used}}
 }}
-[[File:Cyrillic Europe.PNG|thumb|Cyrillic Script in [[Europe]]]]
+[[File:Cyrillic Europe.PNG|thumb|Cyrillic Script in [[Europe]]:<br />
-Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] uses [[Serbian language#Writing system|both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts]]. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| title = Serbian constitution| access-date = 12 March 2014| archive-date = 23 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055855/http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| url-status = dead}}</ref> however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html | title=Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic| journal=Christian Science Monitor| date=2008-05-29}}</ref>
+{{legend|#ff0000|Sole official script of the official language(s)}}
+{{legend|#ff8181|Co-official script of the official language(s)}} Striped countries have multiple official languages, one or more of which do not have Cyrillic as an official script.]]
+Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] uses [[Serbian language#Writing system|both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts]]. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| title = Serbian constitution| access-date = 12 March 2014| archive-date = 23 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055855/http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| url-status = dead}}</ref> however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal| url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html| title=Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic| journal=Christian Science Monitor| date=2008-05-29| archive-date=25 July 2025| access-date=16 August 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725141554/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
 The [[Zhuang alphabet]], used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.<ref>{{Citation |last=Grey |first=Alexandra |title=Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts |chapter=8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces |date=2021-12-14 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |language=en |doi=10.21832/9781800411562-011 |isbn=978-1-80041-156-2 |s2cid=245301540 |postscript=.|doi-access=free |hdl=10453/150285 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
@@ Line 355: / Line 320: @@
 ===Romanization===
 {{Main|Romanization of Cyrillic}}
 There are various systems for [[romanization]] of Cyrillic text, including [[transliteration]] to convey Cyrillic spelling in [[Latin]] letters, and [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] to convey [[pronunciation]].
 Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:
-*[[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic|Scientific transliteration]], used in linguistics, is based on the [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet]].
+* [[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic|Scientific transliteration]], used in linguistics, is based on the [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet]].
-*The Working Group on Romanization Systems<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/| title = ''UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems''}}</ref> of the [[United Nations]] recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
+* The Working Group on Romanization Systems<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/| title = ''UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems''| access-date = 14 October 2004| archive-date = 18 January 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118050220/http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/| url-status = live}}</ref> of the [[United Nations]] recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
-*[[ISO 9]]:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
+* [[ISO 9]]:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
-*American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets ([[ALA-LC Romanization]]), used in North American libraries.
+* American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets ([[ALA-LC Romanization]]), used in North American libraries.
-*[[BGN/PCGN Romanization]] (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
+* [[BGN/PCGN Romanization]] (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
-*[[GOST 16876-71|GOST 16876]], a defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by [[GOST 7.79-2000]], which is based on ISO 9.
+* [[GOST 16876-71|GOST 16876]], a defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by [[GOST 7.79-2000]], which is based on ISO 9.
-*Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.
+* Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.
 See also [[Romanization of Belarusian]], [[Romanization of Bulgarian|Bulgarian]], [[romanization of Kyrgyz|Kyrgyz]], [[romanization of Russian|Russian]], [[romanization of Macedonian|Macedonian]] and [[romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]].
@@ Line 375: / Line 341: @@
 |-
 ! colspan=12 style="background-color:#fbec5d; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''[[Slavic languages|Slavic]] Cyrillic letters'''
-|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
+|- style="vertical-align:top;"
-| style="width:7%;"| [[A (Cyrillic)|<big>А</big><br/><small>A</small>]]
+| style="width:7%;"| [[A (Cyrillic)|<big>А</big><br /><small>A</small>]]
-| style="width:7%;"| [[A (Cyrillic)|<big>А́</big><br/><small>A with acute</small>]]
+| style="width:7%;"| [[A (Cyrillic)|<big>А́</big><br /><small>A with acute</small>]]
 | style="width:7%;"| [[A with grave (Cyrillic)|<big>А̀</big><br /><small>A with grave</small>]]
 | style="width:7%;"| [[A with circumflex (Cyrillic)|<big>А̂</big><br /><small>A with circumflex</small>]]
@@ Line 470: / Line 436: @@
 |- valign=top
 | colspan=12 style="background-color:#b0bf1a; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;"| '''Examples of non-Slavic Cyrillic letters (see [[List of Cyrillic letters]] for more)'''
-|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
+|- style="vertical-align:top;"
 | [[A with ring above (Cyrillic)|<big>А̊</big><br /><small>A with<br />ring</small>]]
 | [[Schwa (Cyrillic)|<big>Ә</big><br><small>Schwa</small>]]
@@ Line 514: / Line 480: @@
 |- valign=top
 | colspan=12 style="background-color:#87ceeb;font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Cyrillic letters used in the past'''
-|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
+|- style="vertical-align:top;"
 | [[Yat|<big>Ѣ</big><br><small>Yat</small>]]
 | [[Iotated A|<big>Ꙗ</big><br><small>Iotated&nbsp;A</small>]]
@@ Line 535: / Line 501: @@
 |}
-<div style="overflow:auto">
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em"
-{| style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em" class="wikitable"
 |+ Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
 ! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" |Early/Reference scripts
@@ Line 757: / Line 722: @@
 | К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
 | &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ў || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || ’ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || ' || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Ukrainian
@@ Line 764: / Line 729: @@
 | К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
 | &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || ’ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || ' || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Rusyn
@@ Line 786: / Line 751: @@
 | &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
 | К || {{small|Къ}} || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || {{small|Пъ}}
 | &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || {{small|Тъ}} || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || {{small|Хъ}} || &nbsp;
 | &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || {{small|Цъ}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || {{small|Чъ}} || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
@@ Line 836: / Line 801: @@
 |-
 ! Udmurt
 | А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Ӝ || З || Ӟ || &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Ӥ || Й || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || К || (К̈) || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; | У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ӵ || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Turkic languages
 |-
 ! Azerbaijani
 | А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ә || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || Й || К || Ҝ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ҹ || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Bashkir
@@ Line 926: / Line 891: @@
 | &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |}
-</div>
+* ''Ё'' in Russian is usually spelled as ''Е''; ''Ё'' is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (''все'' – ''всё'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orthographia.ru/orf.php?paragraph=pp5.php&num=5 |title=Употребление буквы ''ё'' в текстах разного назначения |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн |year=2009 |editor-last=Лопатин |editor-first=В. В. |language=ru |trans-title=Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ''ё'' in texts of varied purposes}}</ref>
-*''Ё'' in Russian is usually spelled as ''Е''; ''Ё'' is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (''все'' – ''всё'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orthographia.ru/orf.php?paragraph=pp5.php&num=5 |title=Употребление буквы ''ё'' в текстах разного назначения |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн |year=2009 |editor-last=Лопатин |editor-first=В. В. |language=ru |trans-title=Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ''ё'' in texts of varied purposes}}</ref>
 ==Computer encoding==
@@ Line 934: / Line 897: @@
 {{Main|Cyrillic script in Unicode}}
-As of Unicode version {{Unicode version|version=16.0}}, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several [[Unicode block|blocks]]:
+As of Unicode version {{Unicode version|version=17.0}}, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several [[Unicode block|blocks]]:
-*[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyrillic]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U+0400–U+04FF]
+* [[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyrillic]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U+0400–U+04FF]
-*[[Cyrillic Supplement]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf U+0500–U+052F]
+* [[Cyrillic Supplement]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf U+0500–U+052F]
-*[[Cyrillic Extended-A]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf U+2DE0–U+2DFF]
+* [[Cyrillic Extended-A]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf U+2DE0–U+2DFF]
-*[[Cyrillic Extended-B]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf U+A640–U+A69F]
+* [[Cyrillic Extended-B]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf U+A640–U+A69F]
-*[[Cyrillic Extended-C]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C80.pdf U+1C80–U+1C8F]
+* [[Cyrillic Extended-C]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1C80.pdf U+1C80–U+1C8F]
-*[[Cyrillic Extended-D]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E030.pdf U+1E030–U+1E08F]
+* [[Cyrillic Extended-D]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E030.pdf U+1E030–U+1E08F]
-*[[Phonetic Extensions]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf U+1D2B, U+1D78]
+* [[Phonetic Extensions]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf U+1D2B, U+1D78]
-*[[Combining Half Marks]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE20.pdf U+FE2E–U+FE2F]
+* [[Combining Half Marks]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE20.pdf U+FE2E–U+FE2F]
 The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from [[ISO 8859-5]] moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, no longer used. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
 Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:
-*combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like [[Й]], [[Ў]], [[Ё]], [[Ї]], [[Ѓ]], [[Ќ]] (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
+* combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like [[Й]], [[Ў]], [[Ё]], [[Ї]], [[Ѓ]], [[Ќ]] (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
-*two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish [[homonym]]s in Bulgarian and Macedonian: [[Ѐ]], [[Ѝ]];
+* two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish [[homonym]]s in Bulgarian and Macedonian: [[Ѐ]], [[Ѝ]];
-*a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: [[Ѷ]], [[Ѿ]], [[Ѽ]].
+* a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: [[Ѷ]], [[Ѿ]], [[Ѽ]].
 To indicate stressed or long vowels, [[combining diacritical mark]]s can be used after the respective letter (for example, {{unichar|0301|combining acute accent|cwith=◌}}: е́ у́ э́ etc.).
@@ Line 959: / Line 922: @@
 ===Other===
 Other [[character encoding]] systems for Cyrillic:
-*[[CP866]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[Microsoft]] for use in [[MS-DOS]] also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
+* [[CP866]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[Microsoft]] for use in [[MS-DOS]] also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
-*[[ISO/IEC 8859-5]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[International Organization for Standardization]]
+* [[ISO/IEC 8859-5]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by [[International Organization for Standardization]]
-*[[KOI8-R]]{{snd}}8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the [[most significant bit]] from each byte{{snd}}the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for [[Unix]] systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
+* [[KOI8-R]]{{snd}}8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the [[most significant bit]] from each byte{{snd}}the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for [[Unix]] systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
-*[[KOI8-U]]{{snd}}KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
+* [[KOI8-U]]{{snd}}KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
-*[[MIK Code page|MIK]]{{snd}}8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in [[DOS]].
+* [[MIK Code page|MIK]]{{snd}}8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in MS-DOS.
-*[[Windows-1251]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in [[Microsoft Windows]]. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding{{snd}}32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some [[Linux]] distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by [[UTF-8]].
+* [[Windows-1251]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in [[Windows]]. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding{{snd}}32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some [[Linux]] distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by [[UTF-8]].
-*GOST-main.
+* GOST-main.
-*[[GB 2312]]{{snd}}Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
+* [[GB 2312]]{{snd}}Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
-*[[JIS encoding|JIS]] and [[Shift JIS]]{{snd}}Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
+* [[JIS encoding|JIS]] and [[Shift JIS]]{{snd}}Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
 ===Keyboard layouts===
@@ Line 990: / Line 953: @@
 ===Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic===
-{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
+{{div col|colwidth=7em}}
 * [[List of Internet top-level domains#Cyrillic script|gTLDs]]
 * [[.мон]]
@@ Line 1,010: / Line 973: @@
 ==References==
 {{Refbegin|indent=yes}}
-*{{cite book |author-link=Robert Bringhurst|last=Bringhurst |first=Robert |date=2002 |title=[[The Elements of Typographic Style]] |version=2.5|pages=262–264 |location=Vancouver |publisher= Hartley & Marks |isbn=0-88179-133-4}}
+* {{cite book |author-link=Robert Bringhurst|last=Bringhurst |first=Robert |date=2002 |title=[[The Elements of Typographic Style]] |version=2.5|pages=262–264 |location=Vancouver |publisher= Hartley & Marks |isbn=0-88179-133-4}}
-*{{Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250}}
+* {{Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250}}
 {{refend}}
 ==Further reading==
 * {{Cite book|last1=Isailović|first1=Neven G.|last2=Krstić|first2=Aleksandar R.|chapter=Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries|title=Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania|year=2015|location=Cluj-Napoca|publisher=George Bariţiu Institute of History|pages=185–195|url=https://www.academia.edu/25272837}}
-*{{cite book |last=Nezirović |first=M. |date=1992 |title=Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost |trans-title=Jewish-Spanish literature |location= Sarajevo |publisher= Svjetlost}} [cited in Šmid, 2002]
+* {{cite book |last=Nezirović |first=M. |date=1992 |title=Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost |trans-title=Jewish-Spanish literature |location= Sarajevo |publisher= Svjetlost}} [cited in Šmid, 2002]
-*{{cite journal |last=Prostov |first=Eugene Victor |date=1931 |title=Origins of Russian Printing |journal=Library Quarterly |volume=1 |number=1 (January) |pages=255–77|doi=10.1086/612949 |s2cid=144864717 }}{{when|date=February 2024}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Prostov |first=Eugene Victor |date=1931 |title=Origins of Russian Printing |journal=Library Quarterly |volume=1 |number=1 (January) |pages=255–77|doi=10.1086/612949 |s2cid=144864717 }}{{when|date=February 2024}}
-*{{cite web |last=Šmid |first=Katja |date=2002 |url=http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf |title=Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí |trans-title=The problems of studying the Sephardic language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407074136/http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2008}} in {{cite book|title=Verba Hispanica |volume= X |location=Liubliana |publisher= Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana |issn=0353-9660}}.
+* {{cite web |last=Šmid |first=Katja |date=2002 |url=http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf |title=Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí |trans-title=The problems of studying the Sephardic language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407074136/http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2008}} in {{cite book|title=Verba Hispanica |volume= X |location=Liubliana |publisher= Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana |issn=0353-9660}}.
-*'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
+* 'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
-*{{cite journal |first=Philipp |last=Ammon |url=http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf |title=Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) ) |journal=Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature |number=17 |date=2016 |pages=248–256 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225708/http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf |url-status=dead }}
+* {{cite journal |first=Philipp |last=Ammon |url=http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf |title=Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) ) |journal=Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature |number=17 |date=2016 |pages=248–256 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225708/http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf |url-status=dead }}
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category}}
 {{wiktionary|Appendix:Cyrillic script}}
-*[http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html The Cyrillic Charset Soup] overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
+* [http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html The Cyrillic Charset Soup] overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
-*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts], a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
+* [http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts], a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
-*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet]
+* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet]
-*[http://localfonts.eu/cyrillic-alphabets-of-slavic-languages/ Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages] review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
+* [http://localfonts.eu/cyrillic-alphabets-of-slavic-languages/ Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages] review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042759/http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/LANGTOOLS.html data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица] (archived 22 February 2014)
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042759/http://andregarzia.on-rev.com/richmond/LANGTOOLS.html data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица] (archived 22 February 2014)
-*[http://blog-en.namepedia.org/2015/04/cyrillic-and-its-long-journey-east/ Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog], article about the Cyrillic script
+* [http://blog-en.namepedia.org/2015/04/cyrillic-and-its-long-journey-east/ Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog], article about the Cyrillic script
-*{{cite podcast | url= https://soundcloud.com/chssedinburgh/vladimir-alpatov-latin-alphabet-for-the-russian-language | author= Vladimir M. Alpatov | author-link= Vladimir Mikhaylovich Alpatov | publisher= The University of Edinburgh | title= Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language | website= Soundcloud | date= 24 January 2013 |access-date= 28 January 2016 }}
+* {{cite podcast | url= https://soundcloud.com/chssedinburgh/vladimir-alpatov-latin-alphabet-for-the-russian-language | author= Vladimir M. Alpatov | author-link= Vladimir Mikhaylovich Alpatov | publisher= The University of Edinburgh | title= Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language | website= Soundcloud | date= 24 January 2013 |access-date= 28 January 2016 }}
 * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/ Unicode collation charts]—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape

Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:17, 29 May 2026

Etymology

History

Letters

Majuscule and minuscule

Numbers

Computer support

Currency signs

Letterforms and type design

Lowercase forms

Italic and cursive forms

Accessing variant forms

Cyrillic alphabets

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

Latin script

Romanization

Cyrillization

Summary table

Computer encoding

Unicode

Other

Keyboard layouts

See also

Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Search