List of Internet top-level domains

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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of February 2026, the IANA root database includes 1593 TLDs. This database also includes 156 that are not assigned (revoked or retired) and 11 test domains,[1] all of which are not represented in IANA's TLD listing[2] nor in the root.zone file (the file also includes one root domain).[3] This number of active TLDs has decreased from 1502 in March 2021, reflecting removals, retirements, and changes in the root zone database.[2][4][5]

Types

[edit]
Main article: Top-level domain § Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[6]

Original top-level domains

[edit]

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, prior to the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator[7] Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.com Commercial Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[8] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.org Organization Public Interest Registry This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."Template:Ref RFCTemplate:Ref RFC While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.net Network Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."Template:Ref RFC Yes Yes Yes Yes
.int International Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. No Yes Yes Yes
.edu Education Educause (via Verisign) The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No Yes Yes Yes
.gov U.S. national and state government agencies Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. No Yes Yes Yes
.mil U.S. military United States Department of Defense The .mil TLD is restricted to departments, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. No Yes Yes Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

[edit]
Infrastructure Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.arpa "Address and Routing Parameter Area" Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. No Yes

Country code top-level domains

[edit]
Main article: Country code top-level domain § Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

[edit]
Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

[edit]

English

[edit]
Main article: List of English-language generic Internet top-level domains

There are currently over 530 generic Internet top-level domains that use common English words. These are now found in a separate article.

Chinese (.cn)

[edit]
Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren 人 rén "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin Restricted TLD[9] (Cancelled)[10] Un­known Yes
.shouji 手机 shǒujī mobile phone — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu 图书 túshū books — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou 网购 wǎnggòu online shopping — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo 微博 wēibó microblogging — Sina Corporation
.xihuan 喜欢 xǐhuān like — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin 信 xìn credit; honest — Alibaba Group

French (.fr)

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arte Association relative à la télévision européenne, whose acronym is arte, "art" — Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. [11]
.clinique "clinic or hospital" — The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. [11]
.luxe "luxury" — Minds + Machines[n 1] Un­known Yes
.maison "house" — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes Yes
.moi "me" — Amazon Registry Services, Inc. [11]
.rsvp Invitations and replies — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 3] Un­known Yes
.sarl Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes Yes

German (.de)

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.epost e-mail — Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh GmbH Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.haus "house" — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes Yes
.immobilien "real estate" — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes[12] Yes
.jetzt "now" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.kaufen "buy" — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes[12] Yes
.kinder "children" restricted .brand TLD Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise "travel" Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[13] Identity Digital Yes[12] Yes
.reisen "traveling" — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes[12] Yes
.schule "school" — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes Yes
.versicherung "insurance" — Latin script[12] Yes

Hindi

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desi Desi (देसी), term for the peoples of the Indian subcontinent — Desi Networks Un­known Yes
.shiksha शिक्षा, "education" — Identity Digital Un­known Yes

Italian (.it)

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa "house" — Minds + Machines[n 1] Yes Yes
.immo French, German,[14] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes Yes
.moda "fashion" — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes[12] Yes
.voto "vote", for election and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[15] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[16] Identity Digital Un­known Yes

Portuguese (.pt)

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bom "good" — Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens "ticket" — Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish (.es)

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado "lawyer" To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[17] Minds + Machines[n 1] Un­known Yes
.futbol "Football" (soccer) — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes Yes
.gratis "free" — Identity Digital[n 2] Yes Yes
.hoteles "hotels" — Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos "games" — Identity Digital[n 4] Yes
.ltda companies in South America Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[18] InterNetX Un­known Yes
.soy "I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		 — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 3] Latin script, Japanese[19] Yes
.tienda "shop", "store" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.uno "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers — Spanish Yes
.viajes "travel" or "trips" — Identity Digital Spanish Yes
.vuelos "flights" — Travel Reservations SRL Yes Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

[edit]

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[20] .موقع Arabic Arabic mawqiʿ "site" or "location" Open TLD Yes
xn--fhbei[20] .كوم kūm com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]
xn--mgbb9fbpob[20] .موبايلي mūbāylī Mobily Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
xn--mgbi4ecexp[20] .كاثوليك kāthūlīk Catholic Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[11]
xn--ngbc5azd[20] .شبكة Arabic shabaka "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a[20] .بيتك baytak your home Owned by: Kuwait Finance House[11]
xn--mgbab2bd[20] .بازار Persian bâzâr "market", "bazaar" Open TLD Yes

Chinese characters

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g[20] .在线 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) zàixiàn "online" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[21] 		Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[20] .中文网 Zhōngwén wǎng "(written) Chinese (language) network"
xn--ses554g[20] .网址 wǎngzhǐ "network address" or "website" Open TLD
xn--5tzm5g[20] .网站 wǎngzhàn "website"
xn--io0a7i[20] .网络 wǎngluò "network"
xn--55qx5d[20] .公司 Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gōngsī "business organization" or "company"
xn--czru2d[20] .商城 shāngchéng "mall"
xn--nqv7f[20] .机构 Chinese (Simplified) jīgòu "agency"
xn--6qq986b3xl[20] .我爱你 wǒ ài nǐ "I love you"
xn--czr694b[20] .商标 shāngbiāo "trademark"
xn--rhqv96g[20] .世界 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji shìjiè
sekai		 "world"
xn--3bst00m[20] .集团 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jítuán "conglomerate"
xn--30rr7y[20] .慈善 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji císhàn
jizen		 "philanthropy"
xn--45q11c[20] .八卦 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) bāguà "gossip"
xn--55qw42g[20] .公益 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji gōngyì
kōeki		 "philanthropy"
xn--g2xx48c[20] .购物 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) gòuwù "shopping"
xn--kput3i[20] .手机 shǒujī "cell phone"
xn--mxtq1m[20] .政府 Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) zhèngfǔ "public affairs" Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[22]


Cyrillic script

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b[20] .дети Russian Cyrillic (Russian) dyeti "kids" or "children" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a[20] .католик Cyrillic Katolik "сatholic" (as noun) Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[11]
xn--j1aef[20] .ком Russian Cyrillic (Russian) kom "com" Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb[20] .онлайн onlain "online" Open TLD Yes
xn--c1avg[20] .орг org "org" or "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aswg[20] .сайт sait "site" Open TLD Yes
xn--p1ai .рф rf "Russian Federation" Yes

Japanese characters

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c[20] .みんな Hiragana minna everyone Open TLD[23] Yes
xn--1ck2e1b[20] .セール Katakana sēru sale Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[20] .ファッション fasshon fashion
xn--cck2b3b[20] .ストア sutoa store
xn--eckvdtc9d[20] .ポイント pointo point
xn--gckr3f0f[20] .クラウド kuraudo cloud
xn--tckwe[20] .コム komu com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]

Other scripts

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc[24] .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c[25] .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[20] .संगठन Marathi, Hindi Devanagari saṅgaṭhana "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--11b4c3d[20] .कॉम kom com
xn--c2br7g[20] .नेट net net
xn--mk1bu44c[20] .닷컴 Korean Hangul datkeom / tatk'ŏm dotcom
xn--t60b56a[20] .닷넷 datnet / tatnet dotnet
xn--9dbq2a[20] .קום Hebrew Hebrew kum com Open TLD Yes
xn--42c2d9a[20] .คอม Thai Thai khom com

Geographic top-level domains

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africa Africa [11][26] Yes
.capetown Cape Town, South Africa [27] Un­known Yes
.durban Durban, South Africa [28] Un­known Yes
.joburg Johannesburg, South Africa [29] Un­known Yes

Asia

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabi Abu Dhabi UAE [11] Yes
.arab League of Arab States [11] Yes
.asia Asia–Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Chinese, Japanese, Korean[12] Yes
.doha Doha Qatar [11]
.dubai Dubai UAE [11] Yes
.krd Kurdistan This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[30][31] Kurdish Yes
.kyoto Kyoto Japan [32] Yes
.nagoya Nagoya [33] Japanese[12] Yes
.okinawa Okinawa [34] Japanese Yes
.osaka Osaka [11] Yes
.ryukyu Ryukyu Islands [35] Un­known Yes
.taipei Taipei Taiwan Introduced in September 2014[36] Un­known Yes
.tokyo Tokyo Japan [37] Yes Yes
.yokohama Yokohama [38] Japanese Yes

Europe

[edit]
Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace Alsace "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[39] Un­known Yes
.bzh Brittany Breizh in Breton.[40] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture French[12] Yes
.cat Catalonia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[41] Catalan[12] Yes
.corsica Corsica TLD Related to Corsican Culture Un­known Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[42] Un­known Yes
.paris Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[43] Yes Yes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayern Bavaria [44] Yes Yes
.berlin Berlin Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany. For example: a company based in Berlin, a person from Berlin, etc.[45] Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12] Yes
.cologne Cologne [46] Yes Yes
.koeln [47] Yes Yes
.hamburg Hamburg Latin script[12] Yes
.nrw North Rhine-Westphalia [48] Yes Yes
.ruhr Ruhr [49] German[12] Yes
.saarland Saarland [50] Un­known Yes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcn Barcelona [11] Yes
.barcelona Un­known Yes
.cat Catalonia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[41] Catalan[12] Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[42] Un­known Yes
.gal Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[51] Un­known Yes
.madrid Madrid [52] Un­known Yes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.eu European Union [53] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. Yes Yes
.amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands [54] Un­known Yes
.bar Bar Montenegro [11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide Un­known Yes
.brussels Brussels Belgium [55] Latin script[12] Yes
.cymru Wales United Kingdom [56] Welsh[12] Yes
.wales [56] Welsh[12] Yes
.frl Friesland Netherlands Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[57] Un­known Yes
.gent Ghent Belgium [58] Un­known Yes
.helsinki Helsinki Finland Un­known Yes
.irish Ireland and Irish diaspora Un­known Yes
.ist Istanbul Turkey Un­known Yes
.istanbul Un­known Yes
.london London United Kingdom [59] Yes Yes
.moscow [ru] Moscow Russia [60] Yes Yes
.scot Scotland United Kingdom [61] Un­known Yes
.stockholm Stockholm Sweden Used only by the city organisation itself.[11] Yes[62] Yes
.swiss Switzerland [11] Yes[63] Yes
.tatar Tatar peoples and places Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[64] Un­known Yes
.tirol Tyrol Austria [65] Yes[12] Yes
.vlaanderen Flanders Belgium [66] Latin script[12] Yes
.wien Vienna Austria [67] Latin script[12] Yes
.zuerich Zurich Switzerland [68] Un­known Yes
.su Soviet Union [69] Yes[12] Yes

North America

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.boston Boston, Massachusetts United States [11] Yes .boston.ma.us
.miami Miami, Florida [70] Un­known Yes .miami.fl.us
.nyc New York, New York [71] Spanish[12] Yes .new-york.ny.us
.quebec Quebec Canada [72] Un­known Yes .qc.ca
.vegas Las Vegas, Nevada United States [73] Yes Yes .las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwi New Zealand [74] Latin script[12] Yes
.melbourne Melbourne, Australia [75] Un­known Yes
.sydney Sydney, Australia [76] Un­known Yes

South America

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.lat Latin America [77] Spanish[78] Yes
.rio Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [79] Un­known Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

[edit]
DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a[20] .佛山 Foshan, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) fat6 saan1 [80] Yes Yes
xn--xhq521b[20] .广东 Guangdong, China gwong2 dung1 [11]
xn--80adxhks[20] .москва [ru] Moscow, Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) moskva [81] .moscow Russian[12] Yes
xn--p1acf[20] .рус Russian language, post-Soviet states rus [11] .su
xn--mgbca7dzdo[20] .ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Arabic Arabic Abū Ẓabī [11] .abudhabi
xn--ngbrx[20] .عرب Arab ‘Arab [11]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association [11] Yes
.aarp AARP [11] Yes
.abarth Stellantis (Abarth) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.abb ABB [11] Yes
.abbott Abbott Laboratories [11] Yes
.abbvie AbbVie [11] Yes
.abc American Broadcasting Company[83] [11] Yes
.accenture Accenture [11] Yes
.aco ACO Ahlmann SE & Co. KG [11] Yes
.aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux [11] Yes
.aetna Aetna [11] Yes
.afl Australian Football League [11] Yes
.agakhan Aga Khan Foundation [11] Yes
.Agilent Agilent [11] Yes
.aig American International Group [11] Yes
.aigo Aigo [11]
.airbus Airbus [11] Yes
.airtel Bharti Airtel [11] Yes
.akdn Aga Khan Foundation [11] Yes
.alfaromeo Stellantis (Alfa Romeo) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.alibaba Alibaba Group [11] Yes
.alipay Alibaba Group [11] Yes
.allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft [84] Un­known Yes
.allstate Allstate [11] Yes
.ally Ally Financial [11] Yes
.alstom Alstom [11] Yes
.amazon Amazon Yes
.americanexpress American Express [11] Yes
.amex American Express [11] Yes
.amica Amica Mutual Insurance [11] Yes
.android Google (Android) [85] Un­known Yes
.anz Australia & New Zealand Banking Group [11] Yes
.aol AOL [11] Yes
.apple Apple [11][86] Yes
.aquarelle Aquarelle.com Group [87] Un­known Yes
.aramco Aramco [11] Yes
.arte Arte Yes
.audi Audi [11] Yes
.audible Audible (Amazon Registry Services, Inc.) Yes
.auspost Australia Post [11] Yes
.aws Amazon Web Services [11] Yes
.axa Axa [88] Yes[12] Yes
.azure Microsoft (Azure) [11] Yes
.baidu Baidu [11] Yes
.bananarepublic Gap (Banana Republic) [11]
.barclaycard Barclays [89] Un­known Yes
.barclays Barclays [89] Un­known Yes
.basketball FIBA [90] Yes
.bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH [11] Yes
.bbc BBC [11] Yes
.bbt BB&T [11] Yes
.bbva Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria [11] Yes
.bcg Boston Consulting Group [11] Yes
.bentley Bentley [11] Yes
.bestbuy Best Buy (BBY Solutions, Inc.) Yes
.bharti Bharti Enterprises [11] Yes
.bing Microsoft (Bing) [11] Yes
.blanco BLANCO GmbH + Co KG [11]
.bloomberg Bloomberg [91] Un­known Yes
.bms Bristol Myers Squibb [11] Yes
.bmw BMW [92] No Yes
.bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro [93] Un­known
.bnpparibas BNP Paribas [94] Un­known Yes
.boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim [11] Yes
.bond Bond University[11] Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019 Yes
.booking Booking.com [11] Yes
.bosch Robert Bosch GmbH [11] Yes
.bostik Bostik [11] Yes
.bradesco Bradesco [95] Un­known Yes
.brave Brave Software [11] Yes
.bridgestone Bridgestone [11] Yes
.brother Brother Industries [11] Yes
.bugatti Bugatti [11]
.cal Google (Calendar) [96] Un­known Yes
.calvinklein PVH [11] Yes
.canon Canon [11] Yes
.capitalone Capital One [11] Yes
.caravan Caravan International [97] Un­known Yes
.cartier Richemont DNS [11]
.catholic Pontifical Council for Social Communications [11] Yes
.cba Commonwealth Bank [11] Yes
.cbn Christian Broadcasting Network [11] Yes
.cbre CBRE Group [11] Yes
.cbs CBS [11]
.cern CERN [98] Un­known Yes
.cfa CFA Institute [11] Yes
.chanel Chanel [11] Yes
.chase Chase Bank [11] Yes
.chintai Chintai Corporation [ja] [11] Yes
.chrome Google (Chrome) [99] Un­known Yes
.chrysler Chrysler [11]
.cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl [11] Yes
.cisco Cisco Systems [11] Yes
.citadel Citadel Domain [11] Yes
.citi Citigroup [11] Yes
.citic CITIC Group [100] No Yes
.clubmed Club Med [11] Yes
.comcast Comcast [11]
.commbank Commonwealth Bank [11] Yes
.creditunion CUNA Performance Resources [11] Yes
.crown Crown Equipment Corporation [11] Yes
.crs Federated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		 [101] Un­known Yes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinella Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella) [102] Un­known Yes
.dabur Dabur [11] Yes
.datsun Nissan (Datsun) [11] Yes
.dealer Dealer Dot Com [11] Yes
.dell Dell [11] Yes
.deloitte Deloitte [11] Yes
.delta Delta Air Lines [11] Yes
.dhl Deutsche Post [11] Yes
.discover Discover Financial Services [11] Yes
.dish Dish Network [11] Yes
.dnp Dai Nippon Printing [103] Un­known Yes
.dodge Chrysler (Dodge) [11]
.dunlop Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres) [11] Yes
.dupont DuPont [11] Yes
.dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung [104] Un­known Yes
.edeka Edeka [105] Un­known Yes
.emerck Merck Group [106] Un­known Yes
.epson Seiko Epson [11] Yes
.ericsson Ericsson [11] Yes
.erni ERNI Group Holding AG [11] Yes
.esurance Esurance [11]
.etisalat Etisalat [11]
.eurovision European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision) [11] Yes
.everbank EverBank [107] Un­known
.extraspace Extra Space Storage [11] Yes
.fage Fage [11] Yes
.fairwinds FairWinds Partners [11] Yes
.farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange [11] Yes
.fedex FedEx [11] Yes
.ferrari Stellantis (Ferrari) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82] Yes
.ferrero Ferrero [11] Yes
.fiat Stellantis (Fiat) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.fidelity Fidelity Investments [11] Yes
.firestone Bridgestone [11] Yes
.firmdale Firmdale Holdings [108] Un­known Yes
.flickr Yahoo! (Flickr) [11] Yes
.flir FLIR Systems [11] Yes
.flsmidth FLSmidth [109] Un­known
.ford Ford [11] Yes
.fox FOX Registry, LLC [11] Yes
.fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH [11] Yes
.frogans OP3FT Solely for use by the Frogans technology[110] Yes[12] Yes
.frontier Frontier Communications [11] Yes
.fujitsu Fujitsu [11] Yes
.fujixerox Fuji Xerox [11]
.gallo E & J Gallo Winery [11] Yes
.gallup Gallup [11] Yes
.gap Gap [11] Yes
.gbiz Google [111] Un­known Yes
.gea GEA Group [11] Yes
.genting Genting Group [11] Yes
.giving Public Interest Registry [11] Yes
.gle Google [112] Un­known Yes
.globo Grupo Globo [113] No Yes
.gmail Google (Gmail) [114] Un­known Yes
.gmo GMO Internet [115] Un­known Yes
.gmx 1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange) [116] Un­known Yes
.godaddy Go Daddy [11] Yes
.goldpoint Yodobashi Camera [11] Yes
.goodyear Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company [11] Yes
.goog Google [117] Un­known Yes
.google Google [118] Un­known Yes
.grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC [11] Yes
.guardian Guardian Life Insurance Company of America [11]
.gucci Gucci [11] Yes
.hbo HBO [11] Yes
.hdfc Housing Development Finance Corporation [11] Yes
.hdfcbank HDFC Bank [11] Yes
.hermes Hermès [11] Yes
.hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical [11] Yes
.hitachi Hitachi [11] Yes
.hkt Hong Kong Telecom [11] Yes
.homegoods HomeGoods (The TJX Companies, Inc.) Yes
.homesense HomeSense (The TJX Companies, Inc.) Yes
.honda Honda [11] Yes
.honeywell Honeywell [11]
.hotmail Microsoft (Hotmail) [11] Yes
.hsbc HSBC [119] Un­known Yes
.hughes Hughes Network Systems [11] Yes
.hyatt Hyatt [11] Yes
.hyundai Hyundai Motor Company [11] Yes
.ibm IBM [120] Un­known Yes
.ice Intercontinental Exchange Yes
.ieee Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers [11] Yes
.ifm ifm electronic gmbh [11] Yes
.ikano Ikano [11] Yes
.imdb Amazon (IMDb) [11] Yes
.infiniti Nissan (Infiniti) [11] Yes
.intel Intel [11]
.intuit Intuit [11] Yes
.ipiranga Ipiranga [11] Yes
.iselect iSelect [11]
.itau Itaú Unibanco [11] Yes
.itv ITV [11] Yes
.iveco CNH Industrial (Iveco) [11]
.jaguar Jaguar Land Rover [11] Yes
Template:Va Oracle (Java) [11] Yes
.jcb JCB [11] Yes
.jcp JCP Media [11]
.jeep Chrysler (Jeep) [11] Yes
.jio Reliance Industries (Jio) [11] Yes
.jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase [11] Yes
.juniper Juniper Networks [11] Yes
.kddi KDDI [11] Yes
.kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.kfh Kuwait Finance House [11] Yes
.kia Kia Motors Corporation [11] Yes
.kinder Ferrero (Kinder Surprise) [11]
.kindle Amazon (Kindle) [11] Yes
.komatsu Komatsu [11] Yes
.kpmg KPMG [11] Yes
.kred KredTLD [121] Un­known Yes
.kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.lacaixa Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona [122] Un­known Yes
.ladbrokes Ladbrokes [11]
.lamborghini Lamborghini [11] Yes
.lancaster Lancaster (Coty) [11] Yes
.lancia Stellantis (Lancia) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.lancome L'Oréal (Lancôme) [11]
.landrover Jaguar Land Rover [11] Yes
.lanxess Lanxess [11] Yes
.lasalle JLL [11] Yes
.latrobe La Trobe University [123] Un­known Yes
.lds The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124] [125] Un­known Yes
.leclerc E.Leclerc [126] Yes
.lego Lego Group [11] Yes
.liaison Liaison Technologies [11]
.lexus Toyota (Lexus) [11] Yes
.lidl Lidl [11] Yes
.lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. [11] Yes
.lilly Eli Lilly and Company [11] Yes
.lincoln Ford (Lincoln) [11] Yes
.linde Linde [11]
.lipsy Lipsy Ltd [11] Yes
.lixil Lixil Group [11]
.locus Locus Analytics [11] Yes
.lotte Lotte Holdings [11] Yes
.lpl LPL Financial [11] Yes
.lplfinancial LPL Financial [11] Yes
.lundbeck Lundbeck [11] Yes
.lupin Lupin Limited [11]
.macys Macy's [11]
.maif MAIF [11] Yes
.man MAN [11] Yes
.mango Mango [127] Latin script[12] Yes
.marriott Marriott International [11] Yes
.maserati Stellantis (Maserati) IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.mattel Mattel [11] Yes
.mckinsey McKinsey & Company [11] Yes
.metlife MetLife [11]
.microsoft Microsoft [11] Yes
.mini BMW (Mini) [128] No Yes
.mint Intuit Mint (Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.) Yes
.mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology [11] Yes
.mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation [11] Yes
.mlb MLB Advanced Media [11] Yes
.mma MMA IARD [11] Yes
.monash Monash University [129][130] No Yes
.mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124] [131] Un­known Yes
.moto Motorola [11] Yes
.movistar Telefónica (Movistar) [11]
.msd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. [11] Yes
.mtn MTN [11] Yes
.mtr MTR Corporation [11] Yes
.mutual Northwestern Mutual [11]
.nadex Nadex [11]
.nationwide Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company [11]
.natura Natura & Co [11]
.nba National Basketball Association [11] Yes
.nec NEC [11] Yes
.netflix Netflix [11] Yes
.neustar Neustar [132] No Yes
.newholland CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction) [11]
.nfl National Football League [11] Yes
.nhk NHK [133] Un­known Yes
.nico Dwango (Niconico) [134] Un­known Yes
.nike Nike [11] Yes
.nikon Nikon [11] Yes
.nissan Nissan [11] Yes
.nissay Nippon Life [11] Yes
.nokia Nokia [11] Yes
.northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual [11]
.norton NortonLifeLock [11] Yes
.nra National Rifle Association of America [135] Un­known Yes
.ntt Nippon Telegraph & Telephone [11] Yes
.obi OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA [11] Yes
.office Microsoft (Office) [11] Yes
.omega Swatch Group (Omega) [11] Yes
.oracle Oracle [11] Yes
.orange Orange [11] Yes
.origins Origins (The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.) Yes
.otsuka Otsuka Pharmaceutical [136] Un­known Yes
.ovh OVH [137] French[12] Yes
.panasonic Panasonic [11] Yes
.pccw PCCW [11] Yes
.pfizer Pfizer [11] Yes
.philips Philips [11] Yes
.piaget Piaget [138] Un­known
.pictet Pictet [11] Yes
.ping Ping [11] Yes
.pioneer Pioneer Corporation [11] Yes
.play Google (Google Play) [11] Yes
.playstation Sony (PlayStation) [11] Yes
.pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		 [139] Un­known Yes
.politie Politie Nederland [11] Yes
.praxi Praxi [140] Un­known Yes
.prod Google (products) [141] Un­known Yes
.progressive Progressive Corporation [11] Yes
.pru Prudential Financial [11] Yes
.prudential Prudential Financial [11] Yes
.pwc PwC [142] Un­known Yes
.quest Quest Software [11] Yes
.qvc QVC [11]
.redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co [11] Yes
.reliance Reliance Industries [11] Yes
.rexroth Robert Bosch GmbH [11] Yes
.ricoh Ricoh [11] Yes
.ril Reliance Industries [11] Yes
.rmit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology [11]
.rocher Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher) [11]
.rogers Rogers Communications [11] Yes
.rwe RWE [11] Yes
.safety Safety Registry Services, LLC. [11] Yes
.sakura Sakura Internet [ja] [11] Yes
.samsung Samsung SDS [11] Yes
.sandvik Sandvik [11] Yes
.sandvikcoromant Sandvik Coromant [143] Un­known Yes
.sanofi Sanofi [11] Yes
.sap SAP [144] Yes
.saxo Saxo Bank [11] Yes
.sbi State Bank of India [11] Yes
.sbs Special Broadcasting Service[11] Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021 Yes
.sca Svenska Cellulosa [145] Un­known
.scb Siam Commercial Bank Thai[12] Yes
.schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies [11] Yes
.schmidt Schmidt Groupe [fr] [146] Un­known Yes
.schwarz Schwarz Gruppe [11] Yes
.scjohnson S. C. Johnson & Son [11]
.scor SCOR [11]
.seat SEAT [11] Yes
.sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. [11] Yes
.ses SES [11]
.sew SEW Eurodrive [11] Yes
.seven Seven West Media [11] Yes
.sfr SFR [11] Yes
.seek Seek [147] No Yes
.shangrila Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts [11] Yes
.sharp Sharp Corporation [11] Yes
.shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P. [11] Yes
.shell Shell [11] Yes
.shriram Shriram Capital [11]
.sina Sina Corp [11] Yes
.sky Sky Group [11] Yes
.skype Microsoft (Skype) [11] Yes
.smart Smart Communications [11] Yes
.sncf SNCF [11] Yes
.softbank SoftBank [11] Yes
.sohu Sohu [148] Un­known Yes
.sony Sony [11] Yes
.spiegel Der Spiegel [149] Un­known
.stada Stada Arzneimittel [11] Yes
.staples Staples [11] Yes
.star Disney Star [11] Yes
.starhub StarHub [11]
.statebank State Bank of India [11] Yes
.statefarm State Farm [11] Yes
.statoil Statoil [11]
.stc Saudi Telecom Company [11] Yes
.stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company [11] Yes
.suzuki Suzuki [150] Un­known Yes
.swatch Swatch Group [11] Yes
.swiftcover Swiftcover [11]
.symantec Gen Digital [11]
.taobao Alibaba Group (Taobao) [11] Yes
.target Target [11] Yes
.tatamotors Tata Motors [11] Yes
.tdk TDK [11] Yes
.telecity TelecityGroup [11]
.telefonica Telefónica [11]
.temasek Temasek Holdings [11] Yes
.teva Teva Pharmaceuticals [11] Yes
.tiffany Tiffany & Co. [11]
.tjx TJX Companies [11] Yes
.toray Toray Industries [11] Yes
.toshiba Toshiba [11] Yes
.total Total [11] Yes
.toyota Toyota [11] Yes
.travelers Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) [11] Yes
.travelersinsurance Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) [11] Yes
.tui TUI [151] Un­known Yes
.tvs T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited [11] Yes
.ubs UBS [11] Yes
.unicom China Unicom [11] Yes
.uol Universo Online Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[152] Un­known Yes
.ups United Parcel Service [11] Yes
.vanguard Vanguard Group [11] Yes
.verisign VeriSign [11] Yes
.vig Vienna Insurance Group [11] Yes
.viking Viking River Cruises [11] Yes
.virgin Virgin Group [11] Yes
.visa Visa [11] Yes
.vista Vistaprint [11]
.vistaprint Vistaprint [11]
.vivo Telefônica Brasil [11] Yes
.volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America [11]
.volvo Volvo [11] Yes
.walmart Walmart [11] Yes
.walter Sandvik [11] Yes
.weatherchannel IBM (The Weather Company) [11] Yes
.weber Saint-Gobain [11] Yes
.weir Weir Group [11] Yes
.williamhill William Hill [153] Un­known Yes
.windows Microsoft (Windows) [11] Yes
.wme Endeavor [154] Un­known Yes
.wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer [11] Yes
.woodside Woodside Energy [11] Yes
.wtc World Trade Centers Association [155] Un­known Yes
.xbox Microsoft (Xbox) [11] Yes
.xerox Fuji Xerox [11] Yes
.xfinity Comcast [11]
.yahoo Yahoo! [11] Yes
.yamaxun Amazon (Amazon China) [11] Yes
.yandex Yandex [156] Un­known Yes
.yodobashi Yodobashi Camera [11] Yes
.youtube Google (YouTube) [157] Un­known Yes
.zappos Amazon (Zappos) [11] Yes
.zara Inditex (Zara) [11] Yes
.zippo Zippo [11]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

[edit]
DNS name IDN TLD Entity Script Transliteration Comments DNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg .亚马逊 Amazon Chinese (Simplified) Yàmǎxùn [158] Yes
xn--cckwcxetd .アマゾン Amazon Katakana amazon [159] Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt .ارامكو Aramco Services Company Arabic [11]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf .اتصالات Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) Arabic [11]
xn--8y0a063a .联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited Chinese (Simplified) Liántōng [11]
xn--6frz82g .移动 China Mobile Communications Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Yídòng
xn--fiq64b .中信 CITIC Group Chinese zhōngxìn [160] Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg .香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited Chinese Xiānggélǐlā [11]
xn--b4w605ferd .淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited Chinese (Simplified) Dànmǎxī [11]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a .大众汽车 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Chinese (Simplified) Dàzhòngqìchē [11]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb .vermögensberater Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [161] Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb .vermögensberatung Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [162] Yes
xn--qcka1pmc .グーグル Google Katakana gūguru [163] Yes
xn--flw351e .谷歌 Google Chinese gǔgē [164] Yes
xn--estv75g .工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Chinese Gōngháng [11]
xn--w4rs40l .嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐ [11]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra .嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn [11]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a .飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Chinese (Simplified) Fēilìpǔ [11]
xn--jlq61u9w7b .诺基亚 Nokia Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Nuòjīyà [11][165]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm .電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited Chinese (Traditional) din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 [11]
xn--cg4bki .삼성 Samsung Hangul samseong [166] Yes

Special-use domains

[edit]

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[167]

Name Entity Notes IDN
.example Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) 		Un­known
.internal Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. Un­known
.invalid Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. Un­known
.local Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).[168] Un­known
.onion Connection to the Tor network. Un­known
.test Meant for testing DNS software. Un­known

Non-IANA domains

[edit]

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Microsoft Windows

[edit]

Within Microsoft Windows there are some special purpose domain names that partially conflict with publicly assigned ones.

Name Still used Conflicting IANA domain registration Purpose
.ipv6-literal.net YES Registered by an independent 3rd party (as of writing). Microsoft gave up the domain in January 2014.[169] In addition Microsoft also never requested it to become an ICANN/IANA owned special-use domain name. A special-use domain primarily for representing IPv6 addresses in UNC paths as ":" is a reserved character in Windows. Usage is not restricted to UNC paths. Compared to ip6.arpa reverse lookup domains it will return an IPv6 address but without generating any DNS queries.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

[edit]

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name RFC Notes
.home.arpa RFC 8375[170] A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal RFC 6762 Appendix G[171] ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.[172]
.intranet The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.[173]
.home
.lan Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

[edit]

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[174] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
.agt Polygon The .agt (agent) TLD is a decentralized top-level domain operating within the Web3 ecosystem, primarily positioned as an identifier for AI agents and autonomous systems.[175] The TLD is offered by Web3 domain providers, such as Freename, an ICANN-accredited registrar[176] that bridges traditional DNS with blockchain technology. .agt domains can be minted as NFTs across multiple blockchains (Polygon, Solana, BNBChain, BASE, Aurora, Sei, Abstract, Chiliz, and Etherlink), eliminating traditional renewal fees and providing registrants lifetime ownership. Popular .agt domains function as human-readable aliases for AI agents, agentic and tool-calling functions, cryptocurrency wallets, decentralized digital identities, AI agent ID, and addresses for hosting decentralized websites.
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[177]
.eth Ethereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[178] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto Ethereum .crypto aims to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the TLD is the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domain as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[179]
.bit Namecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[180]

Alternate roots

[edit]

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, as the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate OpenNIC
.fur FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm New Nations

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Operating as Binky Moon, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Operating as Dog Beach, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital

Citations

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  3. ↑ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  4. ↑ The Domain Name Industry Brief, Q1 2025. Domain Name Industry Brief. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
  5. ↑ "Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  6. ↑ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  7. ↑ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  8. ↑ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
  9. ↑ "New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  10. ↑ "关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示" (in Chinese). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.000 11.001 11.002 11.003 11.004 11.005 11.006 11.007 11.008 11.009 11.010 11.011 11.012 11.013 11.014 11.015 11.016 11.017 11.018 11.019 11.020 11.021 11.022 11.023 11.024 11.025 11.026 11.027 11.028 11.029 11.030 11.031 11.032 11.033 11.034 11.035 11.036 11.037 11.038 11.039 11.040 11.041 11.042 11.043 11.044 11.045 11.046 11.047 11.048 11.049 11.050 11.051 11.052 11.053 11.054 11.055 11.056 11.057 11.058 11.059 11.060 11.061 11.062 11.063 11.064 11.065 11.066 11.067 11.068 11.069 11.070 11.071 11.072 11.073 11.074 11.075 11.076 11.077 11.078 11.079 11.080 11.081 11.082 11.083 11.084 11.085 11.086 11.087 11.088 11.089 11.090 11.091 11.092 11.093 11.094 11.095 11.096 11.097 11.098 11.099 11.100 11.101 11.102 11.103 11.104 11.105 11.106 11.107 11.108 11.109 11.110 11.111 11.112 11.113 11.114 11.115 11.116 11.117 11.118 11.119 11.120 11.121 11.122 11.123 11.124 11.125 11.126 11.127 11.128 11.129 11.130 11.131 11.132 11.133 11.134 11.135 11.136 11.137 11.138 11.139 11.140 11.141 11.142 11.143 11.144 11.145 11.146 11.147 11.148 11.149 11.150 11.151 11.152 11.153 11.154 11.155 11.156 11.157 11.158 11.159 11.160 11.161 11.162 11.163 11.164 11.165 11.166 11.167 11.168 11.169 11.170 11.171 11.172 11.173 11.174 11.175 11.176 11.177 11.178 11.179 11.180 11.181 11.182 11.183 11.184 11.185 11.186 11.187 11.188 11.189 11.190 11.191 11.192 11.193 11.194 11.195 11.196 11.197 11.198 11.199 11.200 11.201 11.202 11.203 11.204 11.205 11.206 11.207 11.208 11.209 11.210 11.211 11.212 11.213 11.214 11.215 11.216 11.217 11.218 11.219 11.220 11.221 11.222 11.223 11.224 11.225 11.226 11.227 11.228 11.229 11.230 11.231 11.232 11.233 11.234 11.235 11.236 11.237 11.238 11.239 11.240 11.241 11.242 11.243 11.244 11.245 11.246 11.247 11.248 11.249 11.250 11.251 11.252 11.253 11.254 11.255 11.256 11.257 11.258 11.259 11.260 11.261 11.262 11.263 11.264 11.265 11.266 11.267 11.268 11.269 11.270 11.271 11.272 11.273 11.274 11.275 11.276 11.277 11.278 11.279 11.280 11.281 11.282 11.283 11.284 11.285 11.286 11.287 11.288 11.289 11.290 11.291 11.292 11.293 11.294 11.295 11.296 11.297 11.298 11.299 11.300 11.301 11.302 11.303 11.304 11.305 11.306 11.307 11.308 11.309 11.310 11.311 11.312 11.313 11.314 11.315 11.316 11.317 11.318 11.319 11.320 11.321 11.322 11.323 11.324 11.325 11.326 11.327 11.328 11.329 11.330 11.331 11.332 11.333 11.334 11.335 11.336 11.337 11.338 11.339 11.340 11.341 11.342 11.343 11.344 11.345 11.346 11.347 11.348 11.349 11.350 11.351 11.352 11.353 11.354 11.355 11.356 11.357 11.358 11.359 11.360 11.361 11.362 11.363 11.364 11.365 11.366 11.367 11.368 11.369 11.370 11.371 11.372 11.373 11.374 11.375 11.376 11.377 11.378 11.379 11.380 11.381 11.382 11.383 11.384 11.385 "IANA Root Zone Database". Iana.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.28 "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  13. ↑ §5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "'Immo' as abbreviation for 'immobiliën'". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  15. ↑ ".VOTO Registration Policy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Registrant FAQs". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  17. ↑ General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  19. ↑ "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 20.33 20.34 20.35 20.36 20.37 20.38 20.39 20.40 20.41 20.42 20.43 20.44 20.45 20.46 20.47 20.48 20.49 20.50 "Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  22. ↑ ".政府 - ICANNWiki". icannwiki. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  23. ↑ "Google Registry – Google". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. ↑ "Report on the Delegation of the .বাংলা ("bangla") domain representing Bangladesh in Bengali script to the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Division". www.iana.org. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  25. ↑ "Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In". www.registry.in. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  26. ↑ ".africa Domain Frequently Asked Questions". .africa - Registry Africa. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  28. ↑ "dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  29. ↑ "dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  30. ↑ IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  31. ↑ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  32. ↑ "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  33. ↑ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  34. ↑ IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
  35. ↑ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  36. ↑ ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  37. ↑ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  38. ↑ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  39. ↑ "Book your extension .alsace".
  40. ↑ ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat Archived 7 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  43. ↑ ".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  44. ↑ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
  45. ↑ (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  46. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  47. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  48. ↑ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  49. ↑ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  50. ↑ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  51. ↑ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  52. ↑ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  53. ↑ EURid.
  54. ↑ amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
  55. ↑ ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  57. ↑ (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  58. ↑ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  59. ↑ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  60. ↑ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ↑ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  62. ↑ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
  63. ↑ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  64. ↑ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  65. ↑ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  66. ↑ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  67. ↑ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  68. ↑ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Register domain in .su zone". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  70. ↑ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  71. ↑ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  72. ↑ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  73. ↑ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  74. ↑ "Why .kiwi?". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  75. ↑ AusRegistry. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  76. ↑ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  77. ↑ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  78. ↑ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  79. ↑ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  80. ↑ xn--1qqw23a.html IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  81. ↑ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development" Check |url= value (help).
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 https://www.stellantis.com/en/investors/fca-groupe-psa-merger
  83. ↑ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  84. ↑ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  85. ↑ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  86. ↑ "Legal - .Apple TLD Policies - Apple". Apple Legal. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  87. ↑ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  88. ↑ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  90. ↑ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  91. ↑ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  92. ↑ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  93. ↑ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
  94. ↑ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  95. ↑ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  96. ↑ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  97. ↑ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  98. ↑ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  99. ↑ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  100. ↑ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  101. ↑ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  102. ↑ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  103. ↑ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  104. ↑ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  105. ↑ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  106. ↑ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  107. ↑ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  108. ↑ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  109. ↑ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  110. ↑ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  111. ↑ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  112. ↑ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  113. ↑ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  114. ↑ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  115. ↑ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  116. ↑ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  117. ↑ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  118. ↑ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  119. ↑ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  120. ↑ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  121. ↑ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  122. ↑ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  123. ↑ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  125. ↑ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  126. ↑ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  127. ↑ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  128. ↑ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  129. ↑ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  130. ↑ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  131. ↑ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  132. ↑ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  133. ↑ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  134. ↑ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  135. ↑ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  136. ↑ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  137. ↑ "The New OVH Code". Nic.ovh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  138. ↑ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  139. ↑ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  140. ↑ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  141. ↑ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  142. ↑ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  143. ↑ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  144. ↑ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  145. ↑ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  146. ↑ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  147. ↑ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  148. ↑ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  149. ↑ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  150. ↑ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  151. ↑ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  152. ↑ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  153. ↑ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  154. ↑ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  155. ↑ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  156. ↑ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  157. ↑ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  158. ↑ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  159. ↑ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  160. ↑ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  161. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  162. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  163. ↑ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  164. ↑ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  165. ↑ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  166. ↑ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  167. ↑ "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  168. ↑ Template:Cite IETF
  169. ↑ "ipv6-literal.net Domain History". who.is. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  170. ↑ Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  171. ↑ Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  172. ↑ "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  173. ↑ "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  174. ↑ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  175. ↑ domains, agt. ".agt - The AI Agent TLD". .agt domains. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  176. ↑ "List of Accredited Registrars". ICANN.org. 1 August 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  177. ↑ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  178. ↑ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". Vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  179. ↑ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  180. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
[edit]

Template:Generic top-level domains

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