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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2020) |
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Events
[edit | edit source]Worldwide
[edit | edit source]- March 20 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion. Its appearance is subsequently recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Africa
[edit | edit source]- Egyptian military commander Abu Sa'd Mansur ibn Zunbur known as al-sayyid, al-afḍal appointed Vizier in Egypt.[1]
Asia
[edit | edit source]- unknown dates
- Chinese imperial official Sima Guang presents the emperor with an eight-volume Tongzhi (通志; "Comprehensive Records"), chronicling Chinese history from 403 BCE to the end of the Qin dynasty in 207 BCE. The emperor then issues an edict for the compilation of Guang's universal history of China, allocating funds for the costs of compilation and research assistants such as Liu Ban, Liu Shu and Fan Zuyu.[2]
- The Abu Hanifa Mosque is established in Baghdad, when the Grand Vizier of the Seljuk Empire, Abu Saad al-Khwarizmi or al-Mustawfi, builds a shrine for Abu Hanifa near his tomb.[3]
Europe
[edit | edit source]- June–November – Obodrite revolt[4]
- September 12 – William, Duke of Normandy, assembles a fleet (around 700 warships) at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, in readiness for an invasion of England.
- December 30 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier Yusuf ibn Naghrela, and massacres most of the Jewish population.[5]
- Huy becomes the first town in the Low Countries to be granted city rights, by Theodwin of Liège.[6]
- Hedeby (located on the Jutland Peninsula) is sacked and burned by the West Slavs, after which it is slowly abandoned.[7]
- The Republic of Genoa, jealous of the recent successes of its former allies, launches a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa.[8]
- King Stenkil (or Steinkell) dies after a 6-year reign. Two rivals named Eric battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne.
- Magnus II (Haraldsson), a son of Harald Hardrada, is crowned king of Norway. He unites Western Norway and Northern Norway.
- Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, known as "the Quarreller", is at war with his brother Geoffrey III, contesting the lands of Anjou and Touraine left to them by their uncle Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou (Martel).
- City of Šibenik first mentioned under its present name in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV
England and Scotland
[edit | edit source]- January – Harold Godwinson marries Ealdgyth, daughter of Ælfgar (earl of Mercia), and widow of King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.
- January 5 – Edward the Confessor dies after a 24-year reign at London. The Witenagemot (or Witan) proclaims Harold Godwinson king of England.
- January 6 – Harold Godwinson (Harold II) is crowned king of England, probably in the new Westminster Abbey, where Edward the Confessor's funeral took place not long before the coronation.[9]
- September 18 – Harald Hardrada of Norway lands on the beaches of Scarborough, North Yorkshire and begins his invasion of England.
- September 20 – Battle of Fulford: Norwegian forces under Harald Hardrada defeat the English earls Edwin and Morcar.
- September 25 – Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold II defeats the forces of Harald Hardrada and his own brother Tostig Godwinson.
- September 27 – William, Duke of Normandy and his army set sail from the mouth of the River Somme, beginning the Norman conquest of England. The following day he lands on the English coast at Pevensey, splits his forces, and sails with the main army to Hastings.[10]
- October 6 – Harold II marches south from Stamford Bridge (near York) to counter the threat of the invasion by William. Reaching London within five days, he leaves a short time later. After a two-day march he and his army reach Caldbec Hill.
- October 14 – Battle of Hastings: William and Harold II meet in battle at Hastings. Although Harold has the superior position on the battlefield, he is defeated and killed by William, invading England.
- October 15 – Edgar Ætheling is proclaimed king of England (but is never crowned). He is soon forced to submit to the rule of William the Conqueror.
- December – William the Conqueror moves along the south coast to Dover, and builds fortifications in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. He moves to Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. On December 25, he is crowned as King William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave.
- unknown date – Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh by King Malcolm III (Canmore).[11]
Births
[edit | edit source]- February 22 – Lý Nhân Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1128)
- Al-Afdal Shahanshah, vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 1121)
- Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Godfrey of Amiens, French abbot and bishop (d. 1115)
- Henry, count of Portugal (House of Burgundy) (d. 1112)
- Irene Doukaina (or Ducaena), Byzantine empress (d. 1138)
- Wang Cha-ji, Korean politician and general (d. 1122)
Deaths
[edit | edit source]
- January 5 – Edward the Confessor, king of England[12]
- February 3 – Rostislav of Tmutarakan, Kievan Rus' prince (b. 1038)
- February 12 – Everard I of Breteuil, French nobleman
- March 26 – Ibn Sidah, Moorish linguist and lexicographer (b. 1007)
- April 9 – Al-Bayhaqi, Persian Sunni hadith scholar (b. 994)
- May 21 – Su Xun, Chinese scholar and writer (b. 1009)
- June 6 – Gottschalk (or Godescalc), Obotrite prince
- June 27 – Arialdo, Italian nobleman and deacon
- August 15 – Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Arab Hanbali scholar (b. 990)
- September 25 (killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge):
- Eystein Orre, Norwegian nobleman
- Harald III (Harald Hardrada), king of Norway
- Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria
- September 25 – Maria Haraldsdotter, Norwegian princess
- October 14 (killed at the Battle of Hastings):
- Harold II (Harold Godwinson), king of England
- Leofwine Godwinson, brother of Harold II
- Gyrth Godwinson, brother of Harold II
- Taillefer, Norman minstrel
- November 10 – John Scotus, bishop of Mecklenburg
- Sacrificed to Radegast, the god of hospitality.
- November 14 – Fujiwara no Akihira, Japanese nobleman
- December 11 – Conan II, duke of Brittany
- December 30 – Yusuf ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier
- Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani, Moorish philosopher
- Ali al-Sulayhi, sultan of Yemen and Tihamah (b. 966)
- Conrad of Pfullingen, archbishop of Trier
- Herluin de Conteville, Norman nobleman (b. 1001)
- Kraft of Meissen (or Crafto), German bishop
- Reiner of Meissen (or Rainer), German bishop
- Śrīpati, Indian astronomer and mathematician (b. 1019)
- Theobald of Provins, French hermit (b. 1033)
- Udayadityavarman II, Cambodian ruler[13]
- Yahya of Antioch, Byzantine historian[14]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ slim tacfarinas. The Fatimid Vizierate 969 1172.
- ↑ D. R. Woolf (2011). The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780191636936.
- ↑ al-Aadhamy, Hashim (1964). History of the Great Imam mosque and al-Adhamiyah mosques. 1. Baghdad: al-Ani Press. p. 28.
- ↑ Stone, Gerald (2016). Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs. Bloomsbury. pp. 27–28.
- ↑ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E.J. Brill, p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.
- ↑ Philibert Schmitz, "Theoduin", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 24 (Brussels, 1929), 757-758.
- ↑ Nancy Marie Brown (6 October 2008). "The Far Traveler: Voyages of a Viking Woman". p. 95. ISBN 9780547539393. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ↑ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 44. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
- ↑ "Coronations - Westminster Abbey". December 12, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-12.
- ↑ Christopher Gravett (1992). Osprey: Hastings: The Fall of Saxon England, p. 50–51. ISBN 1-85532-164-5.
- ↑ "Tain Community Website - History & Heritage". www.tain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
- ↑ "Edward the Confessor and Edith". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ↑ Vladimir Braginskii (2014). Classical Civilisations of South East Asia: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 598. ISBN 9781136848797.
- ↑ Vasilka Tăpkova-Zaimova (2018). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and Their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Brill. p. 167. ISBN 9789004352995.