1385
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Template:Year nav Template:C14 year in topicYear 1385 (MCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit | edit source]January–March
[edit | edit source]- January 11 – After learning that several of his cardinals had been debating whether to depose him on grounds that he is insane, Pope Urban VI orders the arrest of all of the cardinals within his reach. Giovanni da Amelia, Gentile di Sangro, Adam Eston, Ludovico Donato, Bartolomeo da Cogorno, and Marino del Giudice are all arrested and imprisoned and tortured at the castle of Nocera.[1] Except for Eston, the cardinals arrested are put to death in Genoa by the end of 1386.[2]
- February 3 – (2 Muharram 787 AH) The madrasa (a religious school) of the Emir of Artuqid Empire, Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir, is dedicated and the date is placed on an inscription on the wall.[3] The building is now a historic landmark in the city of Mardin, now located in Turkey.
- February 14 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of the late King Edward III of England and uncle of King Richard II, flees London after learning during a joust that he has been targeted for assassination by the King's advisors Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk and Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford; and John de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury [4][5]
- February – Bugaya becomes the new Sultan of Kano in what is now northern Nigeria, upon the death of his brother Yaji I.[6]
- March 13 – Officials in the Kingdom of Scotland discover that 700 pounds sterling of bullion has been taken from the cusstoms collectors of Edinburgh by John Stewart, the Earl of Carrick, who diverted the funds while acting as Guardian of Scotland.[7]
- March 22 – From the port of Sluis (now in the Netherlands), the Kingdom of France dispatches a fleet of ships, carrying an army of 1,315 soldiers, 300 crossbowmen and 200 assistants, to aid the Kingdom of Scotland in defense of an invasion by the Kingdom of England.[8] The fleet arrives at the Scottish port of Leith, near Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, on March 25.
April–June
[edit | edit source]- April 6 – At Coimbra, João, Master of Aviz, son of the late King Pedro I of Portugal, is declared by the Cortes of Coimbra to be the new King of Portugal.[9]
- May 6 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti leads a coup d'etat against his uncle, Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan and begins conquests to transform Milan into a Duchy, with himself as the Duke of Milan.[10]
- May 14 – The two-day Battle of Sluys concludes on the North Sea off of the coast of the Netherlands as England's Royal Navy, led by the Admiral, Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester attempts to blockade the Flemish port of Sluis and more than 100 ships stationed there. Jean de Vienne, Admiral of France, makes a successful counter-attack and the Royal Navy ships sail back to England to defend London.[11]
- May 29 – The Battle of Trancoso is fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile after a Castilian army pillages and burns the city of Viseu. As the Castilians are marching back with their plundered loot and prisoners, they are met by the Portuguese Army, which kills more than 400 soldiers along with six of the seven Castilian officers, then recovers the stolen treasure and releases all of the Portuguese citizens taken prisoner.[12]
- June 10 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Preparing to lead invade Scotland as soon as the truce between England and Scotland expires on July 15, King Richard II of England assembles an army at Nottingham.[13]
July–September
[edit | edit source]- July 8 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): King Robert II of Scotland sends two armies of Scottish soldiers and French mercenaries south from Edinburgh and raids the English county of Northumberland.[13]
- July 16 – King Richard II directs suppliers in Durham, Yorkshire, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland to be prepared to supply food to the English Army, to be purchased "at a reasonable price for ready payment."[14]
- July 17 – Charles VI of France marries Isabeau of Bavaria; the wedding is celebrated with France's first court ball.
- July 21 – King Juan of Castile asserts in his will that he is the King of Portugal by virtue of his marriage in 1383 to Queen Beatriz of Portugal[15]
- August 6 –
- English invasion of Scotland (1385): After setting off from Berwick-upon-Tweed, the English Army invades Scotland.[16] The English soldiers quickly run out of food, since to supply lines have been created and the residents of the border towns in Scotland have fled, taking their food with them.[13]
- Edmund of Langley is elevated to become the first Duke of York in England.
- August 11 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): The English Army reaches Edinburgh, capital of Scotland, and finds it deserted as its civilian residents have fled and the Scottish and French soldiers have retreated to Ettrick Forest.[13] The frustrated English soldiers burn and loot the city.[17]|
- August 14
- Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of Castile is secured.
- The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.
- August 15 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): With England's Army having left its borders undefended, Scottish and French troops invade England and plunder Cumberland in retaliation for the burning of Edinburgh.[13]
- August 17 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): Having accomplished nothing but destruction of property, the English Army begins its withdrawal from Scotland and returns to England.[18]
- August 23 – In celebration of the marriage of Wilhelm the Courteous, Duke of Austria, to Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, the leaders of the city of Kraków grant amenesty to the prisoners in the city jail.[19]
- August 31 – King Richard II of England begins an invasion of Scotland. The English burn Holyrood and Edinburgh, but return home without a decisive battle.[20]
- September 7 – Scottish and French troops unsuccesfully try to besiege the walled city of Carlisle in England,[16] but Sir Henry Percy, nicknamed "Hotspur" breaks the siege and the attackers withdraw to Scotland, ending the war between the two kingdoms.[21]
- September 18 – Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Balša II and Ivaniš Mrnjavčević are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha, near Berat.
October–December
[edit | edit source]- October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.
- November 1 – Sigismund of Luxembourg, Margrave of Brandenburg and son of the late Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, enforces a 1373 agreement of betrothal and marries Mary, Queen of Hungary, citing an agreement that had been made by King Louis I of Hungary.
- December 31 – King Carlo III, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, is crowned as King Károly II of Hungary by the Archbishop Demeter of Esztergom at Székesfehérvár after a group of Hungarian nobles helps him overthrow Queen Maria.
Date unknown
[edit | edit source]- Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.
- Olav IV of Norway is elected as titular King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.
- The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming dynasty relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years, and agrees to invest King U of Goryeo.
- Construction is completed on
- Castello Estense in Ferrara (now in Italy)
- Bodiam Castle (East Sussex, England)
Births
[edit | edit source]- June 23 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (d. 1459)
- August 1 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel, English noble (d. 1421)
- August 15 – Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1417)
- date unknown
- Jean I, Duke of Alençon (d. 1415)
- Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; d. 1441)
- Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, English noble (d. 1429)
- Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)
Deaths
[edit | edit source]- June 28 – Andronikos IV Palaiologos, co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire
- August 7 – Joan of Kent, Dowager Princess of Wales, widow of Edward the Black Prince (b. 1328)
- September 18 – Balša II, ruler of Zeta
- October 15 – Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow
- December 19 – Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. 1319)
- date unknown
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Dietrich (von Nieheim) (1890). Georg Erler (ed.). Theoderici de Nyem De scismate libri tres (in Latin). Leipzig: Veit. pp. 77–79.
- ↑ Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Tomus I (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. pp. 23–24.
- ↑ Beyazit, Deniz (2016). Le décor architectural artuqide en pierre de Mardin placé dans son contexte regional: Contribution à l'histoire du décor géométrique et végétal du Proche-Orient des XIIe-XVe siècles [Artuqid Architectural Stone Decoration in Mardin Placed within its Regional Context: A Contribution to the History of Geometric and Vegetal Decoration in the Near East (12th–15th Centuries)] (in French). Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 80–86. ISBN 978-1-78491-123-2.
- ↑ Goodman, Anthony (2013). John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. London: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-31789-480-3.
- ↑ Walsingham, Thomas (2005) [1863–1864]. Clark, J. G. (ed.). The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422. Translated by Preest, D. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-84383-144-0.
- ↑ Hiskett, M. (1957). "The Kano Chronicle". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1/2): 79–81. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25201990.
- ↑ Boardman, Stephen (2007), The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland Series, Edinburgh: John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd, pp. 135–136, ISBN 978-1-904607-68-7
- ↑ Sadler, J. (2005). Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598. Harlow: Routledge. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-13814-343-2.
- ↑ G. Mercer Adam ed., The History of Nations: Spain and Portugal (Philadelphia: John D. Morris and Company, 1906) p.174
- ↑ Black, Jane (2009). Absolutism in Renaissance Milan. Plenitude of power under the Visconti and the Sforza 1329–1535. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780199565290.
- ↑ Jean-Claude Castex, Répertoire Des Combats Franco-anglais de la Guerre de Cent Ans (1337-1453) [Directory of Franco-English Battles of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)](Vancouver: Les Éditions du Phare-Ouest, 2012) p.167
- ↑ Pereira Felix, John Abridgement of the History of Portugal (BiblioBazaar, 2009) p.116 ISBN 978-1-1103-3516-9
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Sumption, J. (2009). The Hundred Years' War: Divided Houses. III. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 545–548. ISBN 978-0-57124-012-8.
- ↑ Sharp, B. (2016). Famine and Scarcity in Late Medieval and Early Modern England: The Regulation of Grain Marketing, 1256–1631. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-10712-182-9.
- ↑ J. P. Oliveira Martins (2001). The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator. Simon Publications LLC. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-931313-99-5.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Macdonald, A. J. (2000). Border Bloodshed: Scotland and England at War, 1369–1403. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-86232-106-9.
- ↑ Rait, R. S. (1901). An Outline of the Relations between England and Scotland, 500–1707. London: Blackie. p. 78. OCLC 746293364.
- ↑ Saul, N. (1997). Richard II. Bury St Edmunds: Yale University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-300-07003-3.
- ↑ Halecki, Oscar (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 109–113. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ↑ Bevan, B. (1990). King Richard II. London: Rubicon Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-94869-517-9.