1399
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Year 1399 (MCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit | edit source]January–March
[edit | edit source]- January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.[1]
- February 3 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Aquitaine uncle of King Richard II of England and father of Henry Bolingbroke, dies and King Richard becomes ruler of the Duchy.[2]
- February 19 – The Principality of Piombino is formed after Prince Gherardo Appiani sells the city of Pisa to the Duchy of Milan for 200,000 florins and possession of five cities and three islands (including Elba).[3]
- March 18 – Richard II of England cancels the legal documents allowing the exiled Henry Bolingbroke to inherit his father's lands, leading to Henry's decision to overthrow King Richard.[4]
April–June
[edit | edit source]- April 13 – The coronation of Martin of Aragon as King takes place in Barcelona.[5] His wife Maria de Luna is crowned as the Queen consort takes place on April 23.
- May 3 – Pope Boniface IX of Rome excommunicates Onorato Caetani, Great Constable of the Kingdom of Naples, who had previously been excommunicated in 1367 by Pope Urban V of Rome, and then was forgiven in 1378 by Pope Clement VII of Avignon. Boniface's action follows Caetani's continued support of the Avignon papacy, after which a crusade against Caetani's properties at Fondi.[6]
- May 10 – The Treaty of Tarbes is signed between representatives of King Charles VI of France and Archambaud of Grailly, who has been an ally of the French monarch's enemy, King Richard II of England. Under the treaty, de Grailly is made Count of Foix in southern France, in return for breaking his alliance with King Richard. Two of the Count of Foix's sons are sent as hostages to the Royal Court of France in order to secure the terms of the agreement.[7]
- June 20 – An-Nasir Faraj becomes the Sultan of Egypt upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sayf ad-Din Barquq.[8]
- June 21 – Egyptian prince Saad al-Din bin Ghurab becomes the Amir al-umara of Egypt.
July–September
[edit | edit source]- July 4 – While Richard II of England is away on a military campaign in Ireland, Henry Bolingbroke, with exiled former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel as an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated lands.[9]
- July 10 – Ladislaus regains the throne of the Kingdom of Naples, after King Louis II of Anjou and his army have left the city to suppress a rebllion in Apulia.[10]
- July 17 – Władysław II Jagiełło becomes sole ruler of Poland, after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.[11]
- August 6 – Prince of Yan (Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion, the Jingnan campaign in Beijing against his nephew, the Emperor Zhu Yunwen, after two of Zhu Di's officials are arrested for "subversive activity".[12]
- August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania.. [13][14]
- August 19 – Richard II of England is taken prisoner by Henry Bolingbroke upon his return from Ireland and surrenders at Flint Castle in return for his life.[15]
- September 1 – Richard II, though still nominally the King of England, is imprisoned by Henry Bolingbroke at the Tower of London.[16]
- September 30 – King Richard II of England surrenders his crown to Henry Bolingbroke at an assembly of the House of Lords at Westminster Hall in London, where articles of desposition are read to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury. King Richard abdicates, and the Lords proclaim Bolingbroke as King Henry IV.[17]
October–December
[edit | edit source]- October 13 – Henry Bolingborke is crowned as King Henry IV of England at Westminster Abbey.[18]
- October 19 – Thomas Arundel is formally restored as Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry, replacing Roger Walden, who had been installed by King Richard II upon Arundel's dismissal in 1397.[19][20]
- November 1 – At Nantes, Jean V of the House of Montfort begins his reign of 43 years as the Duke of Brittany (Bretagne), an independent duchy that is now part of France, upon the death of his father, Jean IV.[21]
- November 28 – At Suceava (now in Romania), Iuga Voda Ologul becomes prince of Moldavia[22]
- December 10 – Manuel II Palaiologos, The Emperor of Byzantium, departs from Constantinople along with French General Jean II Le Maingre (known as Boucicaut) and a ships of the Venetian navy on a diplomatic mission to obtain military aid, traveling first to the Republic of Venice to negotiate with the Doge Antonio Venier.[23]
Date unknown
[edit | edit source]- Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.
- The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
Births
[edit | edit source]- March 16 – Xuande Emperor of China (d. 1435)
- June 26 – John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467)
- date unknown
- William II Canynges, English merchant (approximate date; d. 1474)
- Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1468)
- Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1400)
Deaths
[edit | edit source]
- January 4 – Nicholas Eymerich, Catalan theologian and inquisitor
- February 3 – John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, English prince (b. 1340)[24]
- March 24 – Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (b. c. 1320)
- July 13 – Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)
- July 17 – King Jadwiga of Poland (b. 1374)
- August 12 – Demetrius I Starshy, Prince of Trubczewsk (in battle) (b. 1327)
- August 15 – Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (b. 1358)
- August 26 – Mikhail II, Grand Prince of Tver (b. 1333)
- September 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1366)
- October 3 – Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (b. c.1366)[25]
- October 5 – Raymond of Capua, Italian Dominic friar and venerated Christian (b. 1330)
- November 1 – John IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1339)
- date unknown
- Spytek z Melsztyna, Polish nobleman
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (b. 1350)
- Sultan Barquq of Egypt
- Trần Ngung, former ruler of Trần dynasty Vietnam (forced to commit suicide)
- Stephen I of Moldavia
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ History The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 570.
- ↑ "John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster". Britannica.com. 21 March 1999.
- ↑ Cappelletti, Licurgo (1897). Storia della Città di Piombino (in Italian). Forni Editore. p. 35.
- ↑ Barr, Helen (1994). Signes and Sothe: Language in the Piers Plowman Tradition. D.S. Brewer. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-85991-419-2..
- ↑ D. A. Dietari del Consell antich barceloní. V.I. Barcelona. Impremta d’en Henrich y companyia. 1892, p. 77. (in Catalan)
- ↑ Edmond-René Labande, CAETANI, Onorato, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Enciclopedia Italiana - Volume 16 (1973)
- ↑ Sumption, Jonathan (2016). Cursed Kings: The Hundred Years War IV. Faber & Faber. pp. 139–140.
- ↑ Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Smith, Elder and Co. pp. 121–128.
- ↑ Template:Cite ODNB
- ↑ Kekewich, Margaret L. (2008). The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4039-8820-1.
- ↑ Halecki, Oscar (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. p. 257. ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- ↑ Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Seattle and Chesham: University of Washington Press; Combined Academic. p. 63. ISBN 0295981245.
- ↑ Alfred Rambaud and Graeme Mercer Adam, The History of Russia from the Earliest Times to 1877. A. L. Burt, 1904) pp. 135–136.
- ↑ Michael Prawdin and Gerard Chaliand, The Tatar Empire: Its Rise and Legacy (Transaction Publishers, 2006) p.472 ISBN 1-4128-0519-8
- ↑ "Richard II, King of England (1367–1400)". Luminarium.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ↑ Saul, Nigel (1997). Richard II. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 417. ISBN 0-3000-7003-9.
- ↑ Jones, Dan (2012). The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England. HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-0072-1392-4.
- ↑ Bevan, Bryan (1994). Henry IV. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-3121-1696-9.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- ↑ Jones, Michael (1970). Ducal Brittany 1364–1399. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Documenta Romaniae Historica A. Moldova, vol. I (1384-1475) Institutul de Istorie și Arheologie A.D. Xenopol, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București, 1975) pp. 10-16
- ↑ Jugie, Martin (1912). "Le voyage de l'empereur Manuel Paléologue en Occident (1399-1403)" [The Voyage of Emperor Manuel Paleologos to the West (1399-1403)]. Revue des études byzantines. 15 (95): 322–332. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1912.3997.
- ↑ "John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster | English prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ↑ "Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 18 March 2019.