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European Free Alliance

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The European Free Alliance (EFA) is a European political party that consists of various regionalist,[1][2][3] separatist[4] and minority[3] political parties in Europe. Member parties advocate either for full political independence and sovereignty, or some form of devolution or self-governance for their country or region.[5] The party has generally limited its membership to centre-left and left-wing parties;[6][7] therefore, only a fraction of European regionalist parties are members of the EFA. Since 1999, the EFA and the European Green Party (EGP) have joined forces within Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament, although some EFA members have joined other groups from time to time, for example the New Flemish Alliance which sits with the European Conservatives and Reformists Group.

The EFA is represented in the European Council by Bart De Wever of the New Flemish Alliance, who has served as Prime Minister of Belgium since 2025. Two EU regions are led by EFA politicians: Flanders with Matthias Diependaele of the New Flemish Alliance and Corsica with Gilles Simeoni of Femu a Corsica. Additionally, Scotland is led by John Swinney of the Scottish National Party.

The EFA's youth wing is the European Free Alliance Youth (EFAY), established in 2000.

History

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Regionalists have long been represented in the European Parliament. In the 1979 election four regionalist parties obtained seats: the Scottish National Party (SNP), the Flemish People's Union (VU), the Brussels-based Democratic Front of Francophones (FDF) and the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP). The SNP, although being predominantly social-democratic, joined the European Progressive Democrats, a conservative group led by the French Rally for the Republic. The VU and the FDF joined the heterogeneous Technical Group of Independents, while the SVP joined the European People's Party group.[8]

In 1981, six parties (VU, the Frisian National Party, Independent Fianna Fáil, the Party of German-speaking Belgians, the Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany and the Alsace-Lorraine National Association), plus three observers (the Union of the Corsican People, UPC, the Occitan Party and the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia, CDC), joined forces to form the European Free Alliance.[9][10] Regionalist MEPs continued, however, to sit in different groups also after the 1984 election: the SNP in the Gaullist-dominated European Democratic Alliance; the VU, the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) and Basque Solidarity (EA) in the Rainbow Group, together with Green parties; the SVP in the European People's Party group; the CDC with the Liberal Democrats; and Herri Batasuna among Non-Inscrits.[11]

Only after the 1989 European Parliament election did EFA members form a united group, called Rainbow like its green predecessor. It consisted of three Italian MEPs (two for Lega Lombarda and one for the PSd'Az), two Spanish MEPs (one each for the PNV and the Andalusian Party, PA), one Belgian MEP (for VU), one French MEP (UPC), one British MEP (SNP) and one independent MEP from Ireland. They were joined by 4 MEPs from the Danish left-wing Eurosceptic People's Movement against the EU, while the other regionalist parties, including the SVP, Batasuna and the Convergence and Union of Catalonia (CiU) declined to join.[12]

In the 1994 European Parliament election, the regionalists lost many seats. Moreover, the EFA had suspended its major affiliate, Lega Nord, for having joined forces in government with the post-fascist National Alliance. Also, the PNV chose to switch to the European People's Party (EPP). The three remaining EFA MEPs (representing the SNP, the VU and the Canarian Coalition) formed a group with the French Énergie Radicale list and the Italian Pannella List: the European Radical Alliance.[13]

Following the 1999 European Parliament election, in which EFA parties did quite well, EFA elected MEPs formed a joint group with the European Green Party, under the name Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA). In the event, the EFA supplied ten members: two each from the Scottish SNP, the Welsh Plaid Cymru (PC), and the Flemish VU, and one each from the Basque PNV and EA, the Andalusian PA and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG).[14]

In the 2004 European Parliament election, the EFA, which had formally become a European political party,[15] was reduced to four MEPs: two from the SNP (Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith), one from PC (Jill Evans) and one from the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC; Bernat Joan i Marí, replaced at the mid-term by MEP Mikel Irujo of the Basque EA). They were joined by two associate members: Tatjana Ždanoka of For Human Rights in United Latvia (PCTVL) and László Tőkés, an independent MEP and former member of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UMDR). Co-operation between the EFA and the Greens continued.

Following the 2008 revision of the EU Regulation that governs European political parties allowing the creation of European foundations affiliated to European political parties, the EFA established its official foundation/think tank, the Coppieters Foundation (CF), in September 2007.[16]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, six MEPs were returned for the EFA: two from the SNP (Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith), one from PC (Jill Evans), one from the Party of the Corsican Nation (PNC; François Alfonsi), one from the ERC (Oriol Junqueras), and Tatjana Ždanoka, an individual member of the EFA from Latvia. After the election, the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) also joined the EFA. The EFA subgroup thus counted seven MEPs.[17]

In the 2014 European Parliament election, EFA-affiliated parties returned twelve seats to the Parliament: four for the N-VA, two for the SNP, two for "The Left for the Right to Decide" (an electoral list primarily composed of the ERC), one for "The Peoples Decide" (an electoral list mainly comprising EH Bildu, a Basque coalition including EA), one for "European Spring" (an electoral list comprising the Valencian Nationalist Bloc, BNV, and the Aragonese Union, ChA), one from PC, and one from the Latvian Russian Union (LKS). Due to ideological divergences with the Flemish Greens,[18] the N-VA defected to the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR)[19][20] and the EH Bildu MEP joined the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group. Thus, EFA had seven members in the Greens/EFA group and four within ECR.[21]

In the 2019 European Parliament election the EFA gained a fourth seat in the United Kingdom, due to the SNP gaining a third seat to add to PC's one. However, the EFA suffered the loss of these seats in January 2020 due to Brexit, which meant SNP and PC MEPs had to leave.

Ideology

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In the Brussels declaration of 2000, the EFA codified its political principles. The EFA stands for "a Europe of Free Peoples based on the principle of subsidiarity, which believe in solidarity with each other and the peoples of the world".[22] The EFA sees itself as an alliance of stateless peoples, striving towards recognition, autonomy, independence or wanting a proper voice in Europe. It supports European integration on basis of the subsidiarity-principle. It believes also that Europe should move away from further centralisation and works towards the formation of a "Europe of regions". It believes that regions should have more power in Europe, for instance participating in the Council of the European Union, when matters within their competence are discussed. It also wants to protect the linguistic and cultural diversity within the EU.

The EFA broadly stands on the left wing of the political spectrum.[23][24] EFA members are generally progressive, although there have been some notable exceptions as the conservative New Flemish Alliance, Bavaria Party, Democratic Party of Artsakh, Schleswig Party and Future of Åland, the Christian-democratic Slovene Union and the national-conservative (and often characterised as far-right)[25][26][27][28][29][30] South Tyrolean Freedom, which left over policy disagreements in 2024.[31]

Organisation

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The main organs of the EFA organisation are the General Assembly, the Bureau and the Secretariat.

General Assembly

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In the General Assembly, the supreme council of the EFA, every member party has one vote.

Bureau and Secretariat

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The Bureau takes care of daily affairs. It is chaired by Lorena Lopez de Lacalle (Eusko Alkartasuna), president of the EFA, while Oriol Cases i Vilà (Republican Left of Catalonia) is secretary-general and Anke Spoorendonk (South Schleswig Voters' Association) vice-president and treasurer.[32]

The Bureau is completed by other ten vice-presidents: Jill Evans (Plaid Cymru), Wouter Patho (New Flemish Alliance), Frank de Boer (Frisian National Party), Livia Ceccaldi-Volpei (Fermu a Corsica), Zsolt Szilágyi (Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania), Roberto Visentin (Pact for Autonomy), Lorena López Sánchez (New Canaries), Kerem Aptourachim Oglou (Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace), Lydie Massard (Breton Democratic Union) and Maiken Poulsen Englund (Future of Åland).[32]

Membership

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Before becoming a member party, an organisation needs to have been an observer of the EFA for at least one year. Only one member party per region is allowed. If a second party from a region wants to join the EFA, the first party needs to agree, at which point these two parties will then form a common delegation with one vote. The EFA also recognises friends of the EFA, a special status for regionalist parties outside of the European Union.[22]

The following is the list of EFA members and former members.[33][34]

Full members

[edit | edit source]
Country Party Region / Constituency MPs MEPs[lower-alpha 1]
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Macedonian Alliance for European Integration[35] North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians - Not in the EU
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Democratic Party of Artsakh[36][37] Template:Country data Republic of Artsakh / Armenia Ethnic Armenians – Not in the EU
 Austria Unity List Template:Country data Carinthia / Slovenia Ethnic Slovenes – –
 Belgium New Flemish Alliance Template:Country data Flanders
23 / 150
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10 / 60
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/N' not found.; width: 17%; height: 100%;">
3 / 21
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/N' not found.; width: 14%; height: 100%;">
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria United Macedonian Organization Ilinden–Pirin Pirin / North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians – –
 Czech Republic Moravian Land Movement File:Flag of Moravia with eagle.svg Moravia – –
 Denmark Schleswig Party Schleswig / Germany Ethnic Germans – –
 Finland Future of Åland File:Flag of Åland.svg Åland – –
 France Breton Democratic Union Template:Country data Brittany – –
Catalan Unity Northern Catalonia – –
Let's Make Corsica File:Flag of Corsica.svg Corsica
0 / 348
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2 / 577
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/F' not found.; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;">
 –
Occitan Party Template:Country data Occitania – –
Our Land Template:Country data Alsace – –
Party of the Corsican Nation File:Flag of Corsica.svg Corsica
0 / 348
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1 / 577
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/P' not found.; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;">
 –
 Germany Bavaria Party Template:Country data Bavaria – –
South Schleswig Voters' Association Template:Country data Schleswig-Holstein / Denmark Ethnic Danes / File:Flag of Frisia.svg Frisians
1 / 630
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/S' not found.; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;">
(Bundestag)
0 / 69
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/S' not found.; width: 0%; height: 100%;">
(Bundesrat)		 –
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace Western Thrace / Turkey Ethnic Turks – –
 Italy Free Sicilians Template:Country data Sicily – –
Now Tuscany Template:Country data Tuscany – –
Pact for Autonomy File:Flag of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.svg Friuli-Venezia Giulia – –
Valdostan Union[lower-alpha 2] Template:Country data Aosta Valley
0 / 205
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/V' not found.; width: 0%; height: 100%;">
1 / 400
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/V' not found.; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;">
 –
United Romagna File:Flag of Romagna.svg Romagna – –
 Netherlands Frisian National Party File:Flag of Frisia.svg Frisians / Template:Country data Friesland – –
 Romania Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania File:Flag of Transylvania (Local).svg Transylvania / Hungary Ethnic Hungarians
0 / 134
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1 / 330
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/H' not found.; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;">
 –
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina Template:Country data Vojvodina / Ethnic minorities (e.g. Hungarians) – Not in the EU
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Andalusia by Herself Template:Country data Andalusia – –
Aragonese State File:Flag of Aragon.svg Aragon – –
Aragonese Union – –
Basque Solidarity File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country
1 / 266
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0 / 350
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/E' not found.; width: 0%; height: 100%;">
 –
Galician Nationalist Bloc Template:Country data Galicia
1 / 266
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1 / 350
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1 / 61
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More–Commitment Template:Country data Valencian Community
1 / 266
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1 / 350
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1 / 61
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/M' not found.; width: 2%; height: 100%;">
More for Menorca Template:Country data Menorca – –
New Canaries Template:Country data Canary Islands – –
Republican Left of Catalonia  Catalonia / File:Estelada blava.svg Catalan Countries
4 / 266
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7 / 350
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1 / 61
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/R' not found.; width: 2%; height: 100%;">
Socialist Party of Majorca Template:Country data Balearic Islands – –
 United Kingdom Mebyon Kernow Template:Country data Cornwall – Not in the EU
Plaid Cymru Error creating thumbnail:  Wales
2 / 835
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/P' not found.; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;">
4 / 32
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/P' not found.; width: 13%; height: 100%;">
 Not in the EU
Scottish National Party Error creating thumbnail:  Scotland
9 / 57
<div style="background-color: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Political party/S' not found.; width: 16%; height: 100%;">
 Not in the EU
Yorkshire Party[38] Template:Country data Yorkshire – Not in the EU

Individual members

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The EFA also includes a number of individual members, although, as most other European parties, it has not sought to develop mass individual membership.[39]

Below is the evolution of individual membership of the EFA since 2019.[40]

Chart definition page not found.

Country Name Region/constituency Party
 Finland Harry Jansson MP File:Flag of Åland.svg Åland Åland Centre
 Germany Manuela Ripa MEP – Ecological Democratic Party
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Pernando Barrena MEP File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country Sortu / EH Bildu

Former members

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Country Party Region / Constituency Notes
 Belgium Party of German-speaking Belgians File:Flag of the German Community in Belgium.svg German Community Merged into ProDG in 2008
People's Union Template:Country data Flanders Split into the New Flemish Alliance and Spirit
Pro German-speaking Community File:Flag of the German Community in Belgium.svg German Community No longer a member since 2018
Social Liberal Party Template:Country data Flanders Dissolved in 2009
Walloon Popular Rally Template:Country data Wallonia Dissolved as party in 2011
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia List for Rijeka File:Flag of Rijeka.svg Rijeka No longer a member since 2023
 Czech Republic Moravané File:Flag of Moravia with eagle.svg Moravia No longer a member since 2018
 France Alsace-Lorraine National Association Template:Country data Alsace / Template:Country data Lorraine Dissolved
Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany Template:Country data Brittany Dissolved in 2000
Savoyan League Template:Country data Savoy Savoy Dissolved in 2012
Savoy Region Movement Template:Country data Savoy Savoy No longer a member since 2025
Union of the Corsican People File:Flag of Corsica.svg Corsica Merged into the PNC in 2002
 Germany The Frisians File:Flag of Frisia.svg Frisians / File:Ostfriesland Flagge mit Wappen.0.2.svg East Frisia No longer a member since 2018
Lusatian Alliance File:Flag of Sorbs.svg Lusatia / Sorbs No longer a member since 2023
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Rainbow North Macedonia Ethnic Macedonians No longer a member since 2023
 Hungary Renewed Roma Union Party of Hungary [hu] File:Flag of the Romani people.svg Romani people Dissolved in 2012
 Ireland Independent Fianna Fáil Ireland United Ireland Dissolved in 2006
 Italy Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology Template:Country data Aosta Valley Merged into Valdostan Alliance in 2019
Citizens' Union for South Tyrol Template:Country data South Tyrol Expelled in 2008 for opposition to the Bilbao declaration
Emilian Free Alliance File:Flag of Emilia.svg Emilia Dissolved in 2010
Friulian Homeland File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg Friuli No longer a member after 2022 congress
Lombard League File:Bandiera Lombardia.jpg Lombardy Joined Lega Nord in 1991
Movement for the Independence of Sicily Template:Country data Sicily No longer a member after 2022 congress
Northern League Template:Country data Padania Suspended in 1994, left in 1996 and joined ELDR
Pro Lombardy Independence File:Bandiera Lombardia.jpg Lombardy No longer a member after 2022 congress
Sardinian Action Party File:Flag of Sardinia.svg Sardinia Expelled in 2020 for allying with the Lega Nord
Slovene Union Slovenia Ethnic Slovenes No longer a member since 2023
The Other South Italy Southern Italy No longer a member after 2022 congress
Tuscany Freedom Committee Template:Country data Tuscany Tuscany No longer a member in 2024
South Tyrolean Freedom Template:Country data South Tyrol Left in 2024
Valdostan Alliance Template:Country data Aosta Valley Merged into Valdostan Union in 2024
Venetian League Template:Country data Veneto Joined Lega Nord in 1991
Venetian Republic League Template:Country data Veneto No longer a member after 2022 congress
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Latvian Russian Union File:Flag of Latvian Russians.svg Ethnic Russians Expelled in 2022
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Lithuanian Polish People's Party [lt] Poland Ethnic Poles Dissolved in 2010
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Kashubian Association Template:Country data Kashubia / Kashubians No longer a member since 2023
Silesian Autonomy Movement File:Flag of Upper Silesia.png Upper Silesia / Silesians[41] No longer a member since 2023
 Romania Transylvania–Banat League File:Flag of Transylvania before 1918.svg Transylvania (incl. Banat) Dissolved
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Hungarian Christian Democratic Association [hu] Hungary Ethnic Hungarians Merged into Most–Híd 2023 in 2023
Hungarian Federalist Party Hungary Ethnic Hungarians De-registered in 2005
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia The Olive Tree – Slovene Istria Party File:Coat of arms of Istria.svg Slovene Istria No longer a member since 2025
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Andalusian Party Template:Country data Andalusia Dissolved in 2015
Aralar Party File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country Dissolved in 2017
Basque Nationalist Party File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Basque Country Left in 2004 and joined the EDP
Canarian Coalition Template:Country data Canary Islands Left in 1999 and joined the ELDR Group
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia  Catalonia / File:Estelada blava.svg Catalan Countries Joined the LDR Group in 1987

Funding

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As a registered European political party, the EFA is entitled to European public funding, which it has received continuously since 2004.[42]

Below is the evolution of European public funding received by the EFA.

Chart definition page not found.

In line with the Regulation on European political parties and European political foundations, the EFA also raises private funds to co-finance its activities. As of 2025, European parties must raise at least 10% of their reimbursable expenditure from private sources, while the rest can be covered using European public funding.[lower-alpha 3]

Below is the evolution of contributions and donations received by the EFA.[43][44]

Chart definition page not found.

Chart definition page not found.

Representation in European institutions

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Organisation Institution Number of seats
File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union European Parliament Template:EUPP data
European Commission Template:EUPP data
European Council
(Heads of Government)		 Template:EUPP data
Council of the European Union
(Participation in Government)
Committee of the Regions Template:EUPP data
Template:Country data Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ The number of MEPs listed below may not match the total number of MEPs of the European party, as it does not include MEPs who join as individual members.
  2. ↑ Expelled in 2007 after lack of activity in EFA structures, rejoined at the 2022 congress
  3. ↑ For the purpose of European party funding, "contributions" refer to financial or in-kind support provided by party members, while "donations" refer to the same but provided by non-members.

References

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  1. ↑ David Hanley (2007). "Parties, Identity and Europeanisation: An Asymmetrical Relationship?". In Marion Demossier (ed.). The European Puzzle: The Political Structuring of Cultural Identities at a Time of Transition. Berghahn Books. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-0-85745-863-6.
  2. ↑ Corbett, Richard (2012). "Democracy in the European Union". In Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard (eds.). The European Union: How Does it Work. Oxford University Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  4. ↑ "The European Free Alliance and the International Issues". ecpr.eu.
  5. ↑ "What's EFA and history". Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  6. ↑ Gupta, Devashree (April 2008). "Nationalism across borders: transnational nationalist advocacy in the European Union". Comparative European Politics. 6 (1): 61–80. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110127. S2CID 144152782.
  7. ↑ Hanley, David (2008). Beyond the Nation State: Parties in the Era of European Integration. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132. ISBN 9781139867757. Center-left and left-wing regionalist parties are typically associated with EFA. An exception is the Nieuwe-Vlaamse Alliantie, one of the heirs of the Flemish Volksunie, which belonged to the European Popular party in the period 2004 through 2009 and later became affiliated with EFA.
  8. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  9. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ↑ Andrew C. Gould; Anthony M. Messina (17 February 2014). Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-107-03633-8.
  11. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  12. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  13. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  14. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  15. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  16. ↑ "Centre Maurits Coppieters (CMC) – Ideas for Europe". Ideasforeurope.eu. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  17. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  18. ↑ "Will Flemish separatists save the Tories in Europe?". EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  19. ↑ Van Overtveldt, Johan (18 June 2014). "N-VA kiest voor ECR-fractie in Europees Parlement" [N-VA chooses ECR Group in the European Parliament]. standaard.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  20. ↑ "N-VA joins ECR group in European Parliament". Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  21. ↑ "Up-to-date list of the MEPs for the new legislative period". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "European Free Alliance". E-f-a.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  23. ↑ Gould, Andrew C.; Messina, Anthony M. (17 February 2014). Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139867757.
  24. ↑ "European Parliament: Guide to the political groups". BBC News. 21 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "160+ million publication pages organized by topic on ResearchGate".
  26. ↑ Schmitt, Etienne (January 2022). "Autonomism as Political Strategy. A comparison between Quebec, Corsica, and South-Tyrol".[permanent dead link]
  27. ↑ "I separati dell'Alto Adige". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  28. ↑ "Digos e carabinieri nella sede del partito — Alto Adige dal 2004.it " Ricerca". Ricerca.gelocal.it. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  29. ↑ "Frattini denuncia il "diario" della Klotz — Cronaca — Alto Adige". Altoadige.gelocal.it. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  30. ↑ "La Stampa — Nel diario scolastico sudtirolesei terroristi si scoprono eroi". La Stampa. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  31. ↑ "Süd-Tiroler Freiheit verlässt die "Europäische Freie Allianz"". RaiNews. 18 October 2024.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Members of the Bureau Archive". e-f-a.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
  33. ↑ "Members of the European Parliament". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 19 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  34. ↑ "Member Parties". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  35. ↑ "Стерјовски се сретна со претседателката на ЕФА, Лорена Лопез де Лакал" (in Macedonian). 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  36. ↑ "Member Parties". e-f-a.org. European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  37. ↑ "Democratic Party of Artsakh is the Associated Member of the European Free Alliance". dpa.am. Democratic Party of Artsakh. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  38. ↑ "Opinion | Yorkshire First". Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  39. ↑ Hertner, Isabelle (9 September 2018). "United in diversity? Europarties and their individual members' rights". Journal of European Integration. Routledge. 41 (4): 487–505. doi:10.1080/07036337.2018.1513500.
  40. ↑ "Audit reports and donations". European Parliament.
  41. ↑ "Statut – Ruch Autonomii Śląska" (in Polish). 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  42. ↑ "Funding from the European Parliament to European political parties per party and per year" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
  43. ↑ "Audit reports and donations". European Parliament. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  44. ↑ "EPFO - Understanding party funding". European Party Funding Observatory. European Democracy Consulting Stiftung. Retrieved 16 February 2024.[dead link]
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