Unchecked

Kazakh language

From Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Infobox language

Error creating thumbnail:
A Kazakh speaker, recorded in Taiwan
Error creating thumbnail:
A Kazakh speaker, recorded in Kazakhstan

Kazakh[lower-alpha 1] is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by the Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan, and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia. It is also a minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China, and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census), Germany, and Turkey.

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with the closely related Karakalpak language while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with the Altai languages.

In October 2017, then-president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.[3] Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang use a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script for writing.

Geographic distribution

[edit | edit source]

Speakers of Kazakh are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook[4] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).[5]

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.[citation needed]

History

[edit | edit source]

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, to which Kazakh belongs, was largely consolidated during the period of the Golden Horde. The modern Kazakh language is thought to have taken shape around 1465 AD, during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.[citation needed]

Kazakh contains a substantial number of loanwords from Persian and Arabic, owing to frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Furthermore, Persian served as a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, enabling Kazakhs to incorporate Persian words into their spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, functioning as a language reserved for religious contexts – much as Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, the Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh–Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by Soviet presence in Central Asia. Subsequently, the new Soviet regime compelled the Kazakhs to adopt a Latin script, and later a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree issued in 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031.

Although not classified as an endangered language, Kazakh was described in 2024 as being in a somewhat vulnerable position by Kazakhstan's Minister of Science and Higher Education, Sayasat Nurbek, falling into a category where the number of speakers is not increasing as rapidly as had been anticipated.[6]

Phonology and orthography

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (e.g., Russian, Persian, Arabic) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the mid vowels /e/, /ɘ/, /ə/ (and not /ɑ/), and happens in the next syllables.[7] Thus, jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, and ülkön, respectively.

Consonants

[edit | edit source]

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;[lower-alpha 2] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/, fricatives /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʁ/, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /r, l/, and two glides /w, j/.[8] The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʒ/ is heard as an alveolo-palatal affricate [d͡ʒ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords.[lower-alpha 3]

Kazakh consonant phonemes[9]
Labials Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular
Nasal m ⟨м/m⟩ n ⟨н/n⟩ ŋ ⟨ң/ñ⟩
Stop voiceless p ⟨п/p⟩ t ⟨т/t⟩ k ⟨к/k⟩ q ⟨қ/q⟩
voiced b ⟨б/b⟩ d ⟨д/d⟩ ɡ ⟨г/g⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨с/s⟩ ɕ ⟨ш/ş⟩
voiced z ⟨з/z⟩ ʑ ⟨ж/j⟩ (ʁ) ⟨ғ/ğ⟩
Approximant l ⟨л/l⟩ j ⟨й/i⟩ w ⟨у/u⟩
Trill/Tap r ⟨р/r⟩
  • Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced,[7] as normally indicated in the orthography.
  • /ŋ/ can never occur in word initial position.
  • /j, z, r, l, ʁ/ occur word-initially only in loanwords.
  • /l/ is velarized [ɫ] in words with back vowels.
  • Voiceless stops /p, t, k, q/ are aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, qʰ], and the voice onset time is highest in word-initial position. If followed by another obstruent, they may be unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚, q̚].
  • /r/ is often heard as a tap [ɾ] in rural speech, as well as in dialects spoken in China.

Vowels

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh has a system of 8 or 9 phonemic vowels. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, /æ/ has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.[10] It can be found in some native words, however.

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.[9]

Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.

Kazakh vowel phonemes
Front
 Central
 Back
Close Template:IPAlink ⟨і/ı⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ү/ü⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ұ/ū⟩
Mid Template:IPAlink ⟨э/e⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ы/y⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨о/o⟩
Open Template:IPAlink ⟨ә/ä⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ө/ö⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨а/a⟩
Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation
Front and central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close Template:IPAlink ⟨і/ı⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ү/ü⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ы/y⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ұ/ū⟩
Open je ⟨е/e⟩ / Template:IPAlink ⟨ә/ä⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨ө/ö⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨а/a⟩ Template:IPAlink ⟨о/o⟩
  • There is significant debate over the Kazakh vowel chart, but all analyses agree on an eight-vowel system with [æ] being artificially added due to influence from Arabic and Persian.
  • The vowel /e/ is often pronounced as the diphthong [je] at the beginning of words, with the exception of root e-. Urban Kazakh speakers have a greater tendency to palatalize all /e/, caused by Russian influence.[11]

Vowel harmony

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/, and in the following syllables, e.g., өмір [wɵˈmʉr], қосы [qʰoˈsʊ]. Notably, urban Kazakh speakers tend to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules.[11]

Syllable structure

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh's syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C). Syllables containing consonant clusters CC typically are combination of sonorant (/r, l, n, j/) and a stop (mainly /t/). Other types of syllables are also permitted due to recent loanwords, mainly from Russian.

Stress

[edit | edit source]

Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:[12][13][14]

  • When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (bıreu, altau from bır, alty):
bır, ekı, üş, tört, bes, alty, jetı, ...
Template:Gloss
  • Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:
bärıne eşkımge
Template:Gloss
  • Individual onomatopoeic words and interjections are stressed on the first syllable
  • Certain suffixes do not take stress, including:
    • the predicate suffixes -mın/-myn, -sıñ/-syñ, -mız/-myz (e.g., baqyttymyz [bɑχə̆tˈtʰəməz] 'we are happy', balasyñ [bɑˈɫɑsəŋ] 'you're a child')
    • the suffixes -dei/-dai, -tei/-tai (e.g., börıdei [bɵˈrʉdʲej] 'like a wolf')
    • the optative suffix -iın/-iyn (e.g., jazaiyn [ʒɑˈzɑjən] 'let's write')
    • the negative suffixes -me/-ma, -be/-ba, -pe/-pa (e.g., jylama [ʒəˈɫɑmɑ] 'don't cry', qoryqpa [qʰoˈrʊqpʰɑ] 'fear not')
    • particles and postpositions -şı/-şy (e.g., qaraşy! [qʰɑˈrɑʃə] 'look!'), ğoi, etc.

Orthography

[edit | edit source]
Main article: Kazakh alphabets

Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by Kazakh speakers in China. On 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan announced it would adopt the Latin script by 2025.[15][16] However, this transition has been delayed.

Since the Cyrillic alphabet was originally designed for Slavic languages, it had to be modified to better fit the sounds of Turkic languages like Kazakh. Several new letters were added and some existing ones modified: ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, ұ, ү, һ, і.

The Cyrillic letter у after a consonant represents a combination of sounds /ɘ/, /ʉ/, ы /ə/, /ʊ/ with glide /w/,[17] e.g., кіру [kʰɘˈrɘw], су [sʊw], көру [kʰɵˈrʉw], атысу [ɑtʰə̆ˈsəw]. The Cyrillic letter ю undergoes the same process but with /j/ at the beginning.

The letter и represents a combination of sounds /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) with glide /j/,[17] e.g., тиіс [tʰɘˈjɘ̆s], оқиды [woqʰəjˈdə]. In Russian loanwords, particularly in educated speech, it is often realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g., изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm].

The letter я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony.

The letter щ represents /ʃː/, e.g. ащы [ɑʃˈʃə].

Meanwhile, the letters в, ё, ф, х, һ, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh.

The table below compares the various scripts.

IPA[18][19] Cyrillic Latin Arabic Braille
2021[20] 2018[21][22] 2017 Letter Name
kk А а A a ا‎ Alif Template:Braille cell
kk Ә ә Ä ä Á á A' a' ٵ‎ Hamza + Alif Template:Braille cell
kk Б б B b ب‎ Ba Template:Braille cell
kk В в V v ۆ‎ Waw with háček Template:Braille cell
kk Г г G g گ‎ Gaf Template:Braille cell
kk Ғ ғ Ğ ğ Ǵ ǵ G' g' غ‎ Ghain Template:Braille cell
kk Д д D d د‎ Dal Template:Braille cell
kk Е е E e ە‎ Ha Template:Braille cell
kk Ё ё İo io Io ıo N/A (يو‎) Ya + Waw Template:Braille cell
kk Ж ж J j ج‎ Jeem Template:Braille cell
kk З з Z z ز‎ Za Template:Braille cell
kk И и İ i I ı I' i' ي‎ Ya Template:Braille cell
kk Й й Template:Braille cell
kk К к K k ك‎ Kaf Template:Braille cell
kk Қ қ Q q ق‎ Qaf Template:Braille cell
kk Л л L l ل‎ Lam Template:Braille cell
kk М м M m م‎ Meem Template:Braille cell
kk Н н N n ن‎ Noon Template:Braille cell
kk Ң ң Ñ ñ Ń ń N' n' ڭ‎ Kaf with three dots Template:Braille cell
kk О о O o و‎ Waw Template:Braille cell
kk Ө ө Ö ö Ó ó O' o' ٶ‎ Hamza + Waw Template:Braille cell
kk П п P p پ‎ Pa Template:Braille cell
kk Р р R r ر‎ Ra Template:Braille cell
kk С с S s س‎ Seen Template:Braille cell
kk Т т T t ت‎ Ta Template:Braille cell
kk У у U u Ý ý Y' y' ۋ‎ Waw with 3 dots Template:Braille cell
kk Ұ ұ Ū ū U u ۇ‎ Waw with damma Template:Braille cell
kk Ү ү Ü ü Ú ú U' u' ٷ‎ Hamza + Waw with damma Template:Braille cell
kk Ф ф F f ف‎ Fa Template:Braille cell
kk Һ һ H h ھ Ha Template:Braille cell
kk Х х خ Kha Template:Braille cell
kk Ц ц Ts ts S s N/A (تس‎) Ta + Seen Template:Braille cell
kk Ч ч Tş tş Ch ch C' c' چ‎ Cheem Template:Braille cell
kk Ш ш Ş ş Sh sh S' s' ش‎ Sheen Template:Braille cell
kk Щ щ Ştş ştş Shch shch N/A (شش‎) Sheen + Sheen Template:Braille cell
N/A Ъ ъ N/A Template:Braille cell
kk Ы ы Y y ى‎ Alif maqṣūrah Template:Braille cell
kk І і I ı I i ئ‎ Hamza + Ya Template:Braille cell
N/A Ь ь N/A Template:Braille cell
kk Э э E e N/A (ە‎) Ha Template:Braille cell
kk Ю ю İu iu Iý ıý ( يۋ ‎) Ya + Waw with damma Template:Braille cell
kk Я я İa ia Ia ıa (يا‎) Ya + Alif Template:Braille cell

Grammar

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization.[23] Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.[24]

Nouns

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases:

The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number.

Declension of nouns for case[24]
Case Morpheme Possible forms keme Template:Gloss aua Template:Gloss şelek Template:Gloss säbız Template:Gloss bas Template:Gloss tūz Template:Gloss qan Template:Gloss kün Template:Gloss
Nom — — keme aua şelek säbız bas tūz qan kün
Acc -ny -nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -ty kemenı auany şelektı säbızdı basty tūzdy qandy kündı
Gen -nyñ -nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñ kemenıñ auanyñ şelektıñ säbızdıñ bastyñ tūzdyñ qannyñ künnıñ
Dat -ga -ge, -ğa, -ke, -qa kemege auağa şelekke säbızge basqa tūzğa qanğa künge
Loc -da -de, -da, -te, -ta kemede auada şelekte säbızde basta tūzda qanda künde
Abl -dan -den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan kemeden auadan şelekten säbızden bastan tūzdan qannan künnen
Inst -men -men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en) kememen auamen şelekpen säbızben baspen tūzben qanmen künmen
Declension of nouns for number[10]
Morpheme Possible

Forms

bala

Template:Gloss

kirpi

Template:Gloss

qazaq

Template:Gloss

mektep

Template:Gloss

adam

Template:Gloss

gül

Template:Gloss

söz

Template:Gloss

singular – – bala kirpi qazaq mektep adam gül söz
plural -lar -lar, -ler, -ter, -tar, -der, -dar balalar kirpiler qazaqtar mektepter adamdar gülder sözder

Pronouns

[edit | edit source]

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:

Personal pronouns[24]
Singular Plural
1st person men bız
2nd person informal sen sender
formal sız sızder
3rd person ol olar

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.[24]

Number Singular Plural
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Familiar Polite Familiar Polite
Nominative men sen sız ol bız sender sızder olar
Genitive menıñ senıñ sızdıñ onyñ bızdıñ senderdıñ sızderdıñ olardyñ
Dative mağan sağan sızge oğan bızge senderge sızderge olarğa
Accusative menı senı sızdı ony bızdı senderdı sızderdı olardy
Locative mende sende sızde onda bızde senderde sızderde olarda
Ablative menen senen sızden odan bızden senderden sızderden olardan
Instrumental menımen senımen sızben onymen bızben sendermen sızdermen olarmen

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.[24]

Morphemes indicating person[24]
Pronouns Copulas Possessive endings Past/Conditional
1st sg men -mın/-myn -(ı)m/-(y)m -(ı)m/-(y)m
2nd sg sen -sıñ/-syñ -(ı)ñ/-(y)ñ -(ı)ñ
2nd sg formal sız -sız/-syz -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz
3rd sg ol – -(s)ı/-(s)y –
1st pl bız -mız/-myz -(ı)mız/-(y)myz -(ı)k/-(y)q
2nd pl sender -sıñder/-syñdar -laryñ/-lerıñ -(ı)ñder/-(y)ñdar
2nd pl formal sızder -sızder/-syzdar -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz -(ı)ñızder/-(y)ñyzdar
3rd pl olar – -lary/-lerı –

Adjectives

[edit | edit source]

Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:

  • Qualitative – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
  • Relational – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech[10]

Degrees of comparison

[edit | edit source]

Comparative

[edit | edit source]

The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective.

Superlative

[edit | edit source]

The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective.[10] The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication.[25]

Verbs

[edit | edit source]

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr Template:Gloss, tūr Template:Gloss, jür Template:Gloss and jat Template:Gloss, encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару Template:Gloss and келу Template:Gloss may not combine with otyr. Any verb, however, can combine with jat Template:Gloss to get a progressive tense meaning.[24]

Progressive aspect in the present tense[24]
Kazakh Aspect English translation
Men jüzemın non-progressive Template:Gloss
Men jüzıp jatyrmyn progressive Template:Gloss
Men jüzıp otyrmyn progressive/durative Template:Gloss
Men jüzıp tūrmyn progressive/punctual Template:Gloss
Men jüzıp jürmın habitual Template:Gloss

While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:[24]

Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries[24]
Sentence Auxiliary Used
Template:Interlinear ∅ (present/future tense used)
Template:Interlinear jat－ Template:Gloss, general marker for progressive aspect.
Template:Interlinear jür – Template:Gloss, dynamic/habitual/iterative
Template:Interlinear tūr – Template:Gloss, progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual
Template:Interlinear

Not a possible sentence in Kazakh

otyr – Template:Gloss, ungrammatical in this sentence; otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + köru, with the auxiliary verb köru Template:Gloss, indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).[24]

Annotated text with gloss

[edit | edit source]

From the first stanza and refrain of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:

Менің Қазақстаным Men-ıñ Qazaqstan-ym
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear
Template:Fs interlinear Template:Interlinear

See also

[edit | edit source]

Notes

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑
  2. ↑ Some variations occur in different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e.g., j/ж/ج is read [ʒ] in the Kazakhstani standard, but may be pronounced [d͡ʒ] in China (Xinjiang), Iran (Golestan), and in southern Kazakhstan (Turkistan).
  3. ↑ This is indicated in the orthographies of Kazakh, as each pair is represented with different graphemes: q/ق/қ, ğ/ع/ғ for [q, ʁ]; k/ك/к, g/گ/г for [k, g].

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ "Произношение букв – kazaktili.kz" (in Russian). kazaktili.kz. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  2. ↑ "Kazakh (Қазақ тілі / Qazaq tili / قازاق ٴتىلى) – Omniglot". Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  3. ↑ "Kazakhstan to change from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet". Deutsche Welle. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Central Asia: Kazakhstan". The 2017 World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 January 2026. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  5. ↑ "TITUS Didactica: Language Map: Turkic languages: Map frame". titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Najafzada, Leyla (25 October 2024). "Introducing Kazakh to Oxford: An Interview with Minister Sayasat Nurbek". Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Oxford.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz". kaz-tili.kz. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  8. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Wagner, John Doyle; Dotton, Zura. A Grammar of Kazakh (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Muhamedowa, Raihan (24 September 2016). Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar (1st ed.). London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82863-6.
  12. ↑ "Ударение". Казахский ясык. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  13. ↑ Kaidarov (1997). Kazakh language. // Languages of the World: Turkic languages. pp. 242–254. ISBN 5-85759-061-2.
  14. ↑ Kenesbaev & Karasheva (1966). Kazakh language. // Languages of the Peoples of the USSR: Turkic languages. pp. 320–339.
  15. ↑ О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  16. ↑ Illmer, Andreas; Daniyarov, Elbek; Rakhimov, Azim (31 October 2017). "Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz". kaz-tili.kz. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650
  19. ↑ McCollum, Adam (2015), "Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay", Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 41, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, pp. 329–351
  20. ↑ Новый казахский алфавит на латинице: представлен проект указа Президента [New Kazakh Latin alphabet: draft of presidential decree presented]. Tengrinews.kz. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2025.
  21. ↑ "Qazaq álipbıi".
  22. ↑ "Mátindik konverter".
  23. ↑ "Центр". www.beltranslations.com (in Russian). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 Mukhamedova, Raikhangul (2015). Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. ISBN 9781317573081.
  25. ↑ Dotton, Zura; Doyle Wagner, John. "A Grammar of Kazakh" (PDF). Duke University: 53.

Further reading

[edit | edit source]
  • Kara, Dävid Somfai (2002), Kazak, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783895864704
  • Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318–332.
  • Template:Cite JIPA
[edit | edit source]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.tachyony.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language"