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One-party state

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For a political party that dominates the political system under a nominal liberal democratic system, see Dominant-party system. This article is about explicit one-party states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see One-party consent states.
"Party-state" redirects here. For the party-state political system in the Republic of China, see Dang Guo.

Template:Party politics

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The expression "de facto one-party" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]

Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population;[3] however, this is not a universal rule, as some one-party states, such as Zaire under Mobutu, made the entire citizenry members of the party. Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]

One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data. To account for this, the governments have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[8] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[9] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[9] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[9] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party governments can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]

Official one-party states

[edit | edit source]

The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:

Country Head of party Leader title Party Ideology Date of establishment Duration Constitutional basis Notes
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China[10]
File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026 (cropped 2).jpg
Xi Jinping 		General Secretary Template:CCP flag Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Marxism-Leninism 		1 October 1949 Template:Ayd Article 1 of the Constitution: "Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."[11] Eight minor non-oppositional parties, officially termed "democratic parties," have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department.[12]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba[13]
File:Miguel Diaz-Canel on July 7, 2025 (cropped).jpg
Miguel Díaz-Canel 		First Secretary File:Flag of the Communist Party of Cuba.svg Communist Party of Cuba Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Guevarism
Left-wing nationalism 		3 October 1965 Template:Ayd Article 5 of the Constitution: "The Communist Party of Cuba, unique, Martiano, Fidelista, and Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, sustained in its democratic character as well as its permanent linkage to the people, is the superior driving force of the society and the State."
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea[14]
File:Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg
Isaias Afwerki 		Chairperson File:Flag of the EPLF.svg People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Statism
Left-wing nationalism 		16 February 1994 Template:Ayd The People's Front for Democracy and Justice is the only party in Eritrea. The 1997 Constitution has not been enforced.[15]
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos[16]
File:Thongloun Sisoulith in Kazan - 2024 (cropped 2).jpg
Thongloun Sisoulith 		General Secretary File:Flag of LPRP.svg Lao People's Revolutionary Party Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
Marxism-Leninism 		2 December 1975 Template:Ayd Article 3 of the Constitution: "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be the masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus."
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea[17]
File:Kim Jong-un and Vladimir Putin (2023-09-13) 12 (cropped).jpg
Kim Jong Un 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg Workers' Party of Korea Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
Juche
Communism 		9 September 1948 Template:Ayd Article 11 of the Constitution: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall conduct all activities under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea." Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea[18]
File:Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
File:Brahim Ghali.jpg
Brahim Ghali 		Secretary General File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Polisario Front Sahrawi nationalism
Arab socialism 		27 February 1976 Template:Ayd Article 32 of the Constitution: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State." State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam[19]
File:Tô Lâm (2026-01-29) (cropped).jpg
Tô Lâm 		General Secretary File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Communist Party of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Thought
Marxism-Leninism 		2 September 1945[note 1] Template:Ayd Article 4 of the Constitution: " Communist Party of Vietnam - the Vanguard of the working class, concurrently the vanguard of the labouring people and Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, labouring people and entire nation, and acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh Thought, is the force leading the State and society." Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988.

Former one-party states

[edit | edit source]
Country Party Ideology Date of establishment Date of dissolution Duration Continent
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg Republic of Afghanistan National Revolutionary Party Pashtun nationalism
Pashtunization
Republicanism
Secularism 		14 February 1977[23][24] 28 April 1978 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan File:Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Khalq Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism
Pashtun nationalism
Anti-imperialism 		30 April 1978 24 December 1979 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svgFile:Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg Democratic Republic of Afghanistan/Republic of Afghanistan File:Flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan-Parcham (National Fatherland Front) Communism (until 1990)
Marxism–Leninism (until 1990)
Afghan nationalism
Anti-imperialism 		24 December 1979 28 July 1992 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Kingdom File:Flag of Albania (1939–1943).svg Albanian Fascist Party Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Fascism
Italophilia
Serbophobia
Hellenophobia 		2 June 1939 27 July 1943 Template:Ayd Europe
Guard of Greater Albania Albanian nationalism
Fascism 		27 July 1943 8 September 1943 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg Albanian Kingdom National Front Albanian nationalism
Greater Albania
Anti-communism
Republicanism
Big tent
Agrarian socialism 		14 September 1943 29 November 1943 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1944-1946).svgFile:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Democratic Government of Albania File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Hoxhaism
Anti-revisionism
Albanian nationalism
State atheism 		20 October 1944 5 August 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Party of Labour of Albania.svg Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front) 5 August 1945 11 January 1946 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg Albania 11 January 1946 11 December 1990 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria File:Variant flag of the GPRA (1958-1962).svg National Liberation Front Arab socialism
Algerian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Anti-imperialism 		3 July 1962 23 February 1989 Template:Ayd Africa
Angola People's Republic of Angola File:Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (bandeira).svg People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Communism
Left-wing nationalism
Marxism–Leninism 		11 November 1975 30 May 1991 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of SSRA.svg Armenia Communist Party of Armenia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		2 December 1920 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR (variant).svg Transcaucasia Communist Party of Armenia 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Austria.svg Federal State of Austria File:Flag of the Fatherland Front of Austria.svg Fatherland Front Clerical fascism 1 May 1934 13 March 1938 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svgFile:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		30 April 1920 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR (variant).svg Transcaucasia Azerbaijan Communist Party 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Mujibism
Bengali nationalism 		24 January 1975 15 August 1975 Template:Ayd Asia
Jatiya Party Bangladeshi nationalism
Conservatism
Authoritarianism
Militarism 		11 March 1988 6 December 1990 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Democratic Party African nationalism 15 December 1963 4 December 1965 Template:Ayd Africa
Benin Benin File:Flag of PRPB.svg People's Revolutionary Party of Benin Communism
Marxism–Leninism (nominally) 		30 November 1975 1 March 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia National Partnership Collaborationism, Nazism 6 April 1939 9 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Bulgaria (1946-1948).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1948-1967).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1967-1971).svgFile:Flag of Bulgaria (1971 – 1990).svg Bulgaria File:FlagBKP.svg Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		15 September 1946 15 January 1990 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon[25] 1943 1944 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Burma 1943.svg State of Burma Maha Bama Asi Ayon[25] 1944 1945 Template:Ayd Asia
Myanmar Burma File:Burma Socialist Programme Party flag.svg Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism 2 March 1962 18 September 1988 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Burundi (1967–1982).svgFile:Flag of Burundi.svg Republic of Burundi File:Flag of the UPRONA.svg Union for National Progress Burundian nationalism
Tutsi interests 		11 July 1974 13 March 1992 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Byelorussian SSR (1919-1927).svg Byelorussia Communist Party of Byelorussia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		31 July 1920 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia (Sangkum era) Sangkum Khmer nationalism
National conservatism
Royalism
Statism
Buddhist socialism
Economic nationalism 		22 March 1955 18 March 1970 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svgFile:Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Revisionism
Left-wing nationalism 		7 January 1979 1 May 1989 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svgFile:Flag of Cameroon.svg Republic of Cameroon Cameroonian National Union Big tent 1 September 1966[26] 24 March 1985 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Big tent
Nationalism
Francophilia 		1975 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg Cape Verde File:Flag of PAIGC.svg African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1 July 1975 20 January 1981 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of PAICV.svg African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 20 January 1981 28 September 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg Carpatho-Ukraine Ukrainian National Union[27] Nationalism[28] 18 January 1939[28] March 1939 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa African nationalism
Anti-colonialism
Progressivism
Anti-imperialism 		1962 1980 Template:Ayd Africa
Central African Democratic Union African nationalism
Republicanism 		1 March 1980 2 September 1981 Template:Ayd Africa
Central African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Democratic socialism
Social democracy
Republicanism 		6 February 1987 22 April 1991[29] Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Chadian Progressive Party African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-imperialism
African socialism
Federalism 		16 April 1962 6 April 1973 Template:Ayd Africa
National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution 6 April 1973 13 April 1975 Template:Ayd Africa
National Union for Independence and Revolution Nationalism 24 June 1984 3 December 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
Guangzhou Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1927 1927 Asia
Hunan 1927 1927 Asia
Jinggang 1927 1928 Template:Ayd Asia
Southwest Jiangxi 1930 1931 Template:Ayd Asia
File:National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg Chinese Communist Party 7 November 1931 22 September 1937 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association Six Great Policies 1 August 1935 1 April 1942 Template:Ayd Asia
Template:Country data Republic of China (1912-1949)[note 2]/Taiwan File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg Kuomintang Tridemism Template:DTS Template:DTS Template:Ayd Asia
Yan'an Chinese Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought
Chinese communism 		1937 1949 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg Comoros Comorian Union for Progress Nationalism 1982 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svgRepublic of the Congo People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Party of Labour Communism, Marxism–Leninism 31 January 1969 18 March 1992 Template:Ayd Africa
File:State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg Tinoquista Costa Rica Peliquista Party Nationalism
Personalism
Authoritarianism 		27 January 1917 12 August 1919 Template:Ayd North America
Template:Country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Czechoslovakia File:Flag of the KSC.svg Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Husakism 		25 February 1948 30 November 1989 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey Dahomeyan Unity Party African nationalism
Republicanism 		11 April 1961 13 November 1963 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg Danzig File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg Nazi Party Nazism 21 October 1937[30][31] 1 September 1939 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti People's Rally for Progress Issa interests 1 October 1981 4 September 1992 Template:Ayd Africa
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Dominican Party Trujillism
National conservatism
Right-wing populism
Antihaitianismo 		2 August 1931 28 December 1961 Template:Ayd North America
East GermanyEast Germany East Germany File:Flagge der SED.svg Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism
Stalinism 		7 October 1949 1 December 1989 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Liberation Rally Egyptian nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism 		10 February 1953 1957 Template:Ayd Africa
National Union Nasserism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism 		1957 1962 Template:Ayd Africa
Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		1961 1976 Template:Ayd Africa
El Salvador El Salvador File:Propatria.png National Pro Patria Party Fascism
Anti-communism
Conservatism
Agrarian oligarchy 		1933 1944 Template:Ayd Central America
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea United National Workers' Party African nationalism
Personalism
Anti-imperialism
Anti-colonialism
Anti-racism
Pan-Africanism
Anti-intellectualism
Totalitarianism 		7 July 1970 25 August 1979 Template:Ayd Africa
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea African nationalism
Militarism 		11 October 1987 16 November 1991 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Eritrea (1993–1995).svg Eritrea File:Flag of the EPLF.svg Eritrean People's Liberation Front Left-wing nationalism 1991 (Provisional government)

1993 (Recognized state)

16 February 1994 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg Estonia Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		29 November 1918 5 June 1919 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution) Estonian nationalism
Personalism 		9 March 1935 21 July 1940 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Estonian SSR (1940-1953).svg Estonia Communist Party of Estonia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		21 July 1940 9 August 1940 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987) (02).svg Ethiopia Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		12 September 1984 22 February 1987 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987–1991).svg Ethiopia File:Workers' Party of Ethiopia flag (variant).png Workers' Party of Ethiopia 22 February 1987 28 April 1991 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Gabonese Democratic Party Conservatism 12 March 1968 22 May 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Georgian SSR (1921-1922).svg Georgia Communist Party of Georgia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		25 February 1921 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR (variant).svg Transcaucasia 12 March 1922 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Nazi Germany File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism 14 July 1933 23 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories File:Flag of National Socialist Movement.svg National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands Collaborationism, Dutch irredentism, Dutch nationalism and Nazism 14 December 1941 6 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Ghana flag 1964.svg Ghana Convention People's Party Nkrumaism
African socialism
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		31 January 1964 24 February 1966 Template:Ayd Africa
Grenada Grenada New Jewel Movement Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		13 March 1979 25 October 1983 Template:Ayd North America
Guatemala Guatemala Progressive Liberal Party Ubicoism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Anti-communism 		1931 1944 Central America
File:MLN Logo.svgNational Liberation Movement Neo-fascism
Ultraconservatism
Anti-communism 		1954 1958 Central America
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
African socialism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1984 Africa
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1974 1991 Africa
Haiti Haiti File:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986, civil).svg National Unity Party Black nationalism
Haitian nationalism
Right-wing populism
Anti-communism
Anti-Americanism 		14 June 1957 22 July 1985 Template:Ayd North America
Template:Country data Hawaii Hawaii Reform Party Americanisation
Annexationism 		4 July 1894 12 August 1898 Template:Ayd North America
File:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg Government of National Unity File:Flag of the Arrow Cross Party 1942 to 1945.svg Arrow Cross Party Magyarism
Fascism
Collaborationism
Agrarianism 		16 October 1944 7 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdTemplate:Flagd Hungary File:Flag of the Hungarian Working People's Party.svg Hungarian Working People's Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		20 August 1949 31 October 1956 Template:Ayd Europe
Template:FlagdTemplate:FlagdFile:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Kádárism 		4 November 1956 16 October 1989 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Indonesian National Party Nationalism
Marhaenism 		17 August 1945 3 November 1945 Template:Ayd Asia
Iran Imperial State of Iran Rastakhiz Party Monarchism
Populism
Secularism
Democratic centralism
Third Position 		2 March 1975 1 November 1978 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1959–1963).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg Iraq Iraqi Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		14 July 1964 17 July 1968 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svgFile:Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg Iraq File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Saddamist Ba'athism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Militarism 		17 July 1968 9 April 2003 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg Fascist Italy File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2.svg National Fascist Party Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism 		17 May 1928[32] 27 July 1943 Template:Ayd Europe/Africa
Italian Social Republic File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2.svg Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Corporatism
Ultranationalism
Totalitarianism
Antisemitism
Collaborationism 		13 September 1943 14 February 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Conservatism
Populism
Houphouëtism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Empire of Japan Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa statism
Militarism 		1940 1945 Asia
File:Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg Philippine Executive Commission File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism
National conservatism
Fascism
Japanophilia
Collaborationism 		8 December 1942 14 October 1943 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg Kampuchea File:Banner of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.svg Communist Party of Kampuchea Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Agrarianism
Autarky
Khmer nationalism
Ultranationalism 		17 April 1975 7 January 1979 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Kenya African National Union Kenyan nationalism
Conservatism 		1969 (de facto)
1982 (de jure) 		1991 Africa
File:Flag of South Korea (1945–1948).svg First Republic of Korea Liberal Party Ilminism
Conservatism
Korean nationalism 		17 December 1951 19 April 1960 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of South Korea (1949–1984).svg Third Republic of Korea Democratic Republican Party Korean nationalism
Conservatism
Corporatism 		2 February 1963 12 December 1979 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of South Korea (1984–1997).svg Fifth Republic of Korea File:Flag of the Democratic Justice Party (1987-1990).svgDemocratic Justice Party Conservatism
Authoritarianism 		15 January 1981 16 December 1987 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement Croatian irredentism
Croatian ultranationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Clerical fascism
Fascist corporatism
Political Catholicism
Anti-communism 		10 April 1941 8 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg Latvia Communist Party of Latvia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		17 December 1918 13 January 1920 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Latvian SSR (1940-1953).svg Latvia 21 July 1940 5 August 1940 Template:Ayd Europe
Liberia Liberia True Whig Party Black conservatism
Centralization
Protectionism
Whiggism (until 1940s) 		1878 April 1980 Africa
Libya Libya Arab Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nasserism 		11 June 1971 3 March 1977 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Lithuania–Byelorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		17 February 1919 17 July 1919 Template:Ayd Europe
Lithuania Lithuania File:Flag of Lithuanian National Union.svg Lithuanian Nationalist Union Lithuanian nationalism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism 		1926[33] 1940 14 years Europe
File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR (1940-1953).svg Lithuania Communist Party of Lithuania Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		21 July 1940 3 August 1940 Template:Ayd Europe
Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar National Front for the Defense of the Revolution Left-wing nationalism
Scientific socialism 		1976 1989 Africa
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Malawi Congress Party Ubuntu
Conservatism
African nationalism
Anti-colonialism 		1964 1993 Africa
File:Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svgFile:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism
African socialism 		1960 1968 Africa
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Democratic Union of the Malian People African socialism
Democratic centralism 		1976 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg Manchukuo File:Flag of Concordia Association.svg Concordia Association Fascism
Monarchism
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism 		1 April 1932[34] 1 May 1945[34] Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg Mauritania Mauritanian People's Party Nationalism
Centralism
Islamic socialism 		1961 1978 Africa
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Revolutionary nationalism
Big tent 		Template:DTS [[2000 Mexican general election|Template:DTS]] Template:Ayd North America
File:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1930).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1930-1940).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1945).svgFile:Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg Mongolia Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1921 29 July 1990 Asia
File:Flag of Mozambique (1974-1975).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique (1983).svgFile:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique File:Flag of FRELIMO (until 2004).svg FRELIMO Marxism–Leninism 25 June 1975 1 December 1990 Template:Ayd Africa
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1974 Africa
National Movement for the Development of Society Conservatism 1989 1991 Africa
File:Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg Vietnam (partially) File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought 		2 September 1945 1946[citation needed] Asia
File:Flag of North Vietnam (1955–1975).svg North Vietnam Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front) 1955 2 July 1976 Asia
File:Flag of North Yemen.svg North Yemen File:General People's Congress flag.svg General People's Congress Yemeni nationalism
Arab nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Big tent 		1982 1988 Asia
Norway National Government File:Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg National Rally Fascism
Nazism
Fascist corporatism
Anti-communism
Collaborationism 		25 September 1940 8 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg Ottoman Empire Union and Progress Party[35] İttihadism Template:DTS 1918 Asia/Europe
Paraguay Paraguay File:Bandera Partido Colorado de Paraguay.svg Colorado Party Conservatism
National conservatism 		1947 1962 South America
File:Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg Persia Communist Party of Persia Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1920 1921 Asia
File:Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg Republic of the Philippines File:Flag of Kalibapi.svg Association for Service to the New Philippines Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Japanophilia, collaborationism 14 October 1943 17 August 1945 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svgFile:Flag of Poland.svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity) Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		5 February 1947 20 July 1982 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Poland.svgFile:Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1980-1990).svg Poland File:Polish United Workers' Party flag.svg Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth) 20 July 1982 7 April 1989 Template:Ayd Europe
Portugal Portugal File:União Nacional Flag.svg National Union Salazarism
Corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano 		30 July 1930[36] 8 October 1945[36] Template:Ayd Europe
31 January 1948[37] September 1969[note 3] Europe
File:União Nacional Flag.svg People's National Action (formerly National Union) Corporatism
Integralismo Lusitano 		1970 25 April 1974 Europe
Romania Romania National Renaissance Front Big tent
Romanian nationalism
Monarchism 		16 December 1938 6 September 1940 Template:Ayd Europe
Romania National Legionary State Iron Guard Legionarism
Clerical fascism
Christian nationalism 		6 September 1940 23 January 1941 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front) Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		5 February 1948 1968 Europe
Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity) Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		1968 1980 Europe
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy) 1980 29 December 1989 Europe
 Rwanda Parmehutu Hutu Power 1965 1973 Africa
National Revolutionary Movement for Development Hutu Power
Ultranationalism
Social conservatism
Anti-communism 		1978 1991 Africa
San Marino San Marino Sammarinese Fascist Party Italian fascism
Corporatism 		1926 1943 Europe
Republican Fascist Party of San Marino Italian fascism 1943 1944 Europe
 Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal African nationalism
African socialism 		1966 1974 Africa
 Seychelles Seychelles People's Progressive Front Communism
Marxism-Leninism 		1979 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone All People's Congress African nationalism
Democratic socialism 		1978 1991 Africa
File:Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg Slovak Republic File:Flag of the Hlinka party (1938–1945) variant 2.svg Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism 		14 March 1939 8 May 1945 Template:Ayd Europe
Somalia Somalia Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party Islamic socialism
Marxism–Leninism
Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism
Somali nationalism 		July 1976 26 January 1991 Africa
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg People's Republic of Southern Yemen File:Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg National Liberation Front,

File:Flag of the Yemeni Socialist Party (bigger star version).svg Yemeni Socialist Party

Arab nationalism
Arab socialism 		30 November 1967 31 October 1978 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg People's Democratic Republic of Yemen File:Flag of the Yemeni Socialist Party (bigger star version).svg Yemeni Socialist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		31 October 1978 22 May 1990 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of South Yemen.svg Democratic Republic of Yemen 21 May 1994 7 July 1994 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag the Russian SFSR (1918).svgFile:Flag of the Russian SFSR (1918-1920).svg Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		8 March 1918[38] 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Europe/Asia
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 19 January 1918 8 March 1918[38] Template:Ayd Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1923).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russian Communist Party 30 December 1922 31 December 1925[38] Template:Ayd Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics All-Union Communist Party 31 December 1925[38] 13 October 1952[38] Template:Ayd Europe/Asia
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svgFile:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13 October 1952[38] 9 October 1990[39] Template:Ayd Europe/Asia
File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Kingdom of Spain Patriotic Union Spanish nationalism
Political Catholicism
Monarchism
Conservatism 		1924 1930 Europe
File:Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg Spanish State File:Bandera FE JONS.svg FET y de las JONS Francoism
Falangism
Spanish nationalism
traditionalism
National Catholicism
anti-liberalism
Corporatism 		1 April 1939 6 July 1976[40] Template:Ayd Europe
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan File:Flag of the Sudanese Socialist Union.svg Sudanese Socialist Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Anti-communism 		1971 1985 Africa
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan National Congress Party Islamism
Arab nationalism
Salafism
Social conservatism 		1989 2005 Africa
File:Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Syrian Republic Arab Liberation Movement Syrian nationalism
Modernization
Pro-Western 		1953 1954 Asia
File:Flag of Syria.svg Syrian Arab Republic File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front) Neo-Ba'athism
Pan-Arabism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Militarism 		8 March 1963 27 February 2012[41][42]
8 December 2024 (de-facto) [note 4][43] 		Template:Ayd
Template:Ayd (de-facto) 		Asia
File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1975 1990 Africa
Template:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964) File:Flag of TANU.svg Tanganyika African National Union African nationalism
African socialism
Ujamaa 		1961 1977 Africa
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi Ujamaa
African socialism 		1977 1992 Africa
File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo Party of Togolese Unity African nationalism 1962 1963 Africa
Rally of the Togolese People African nationalism
Right-wing populism 		1969 1991 Africa
File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia Neo Destour Tunisian nationalism
Bourguibism
Arab nationalism
Secularism 		1963 1964 Africa
Socialist Destourian Party Tunisian nationalism
Secularism
Bourguibism 		1964 1981 Africa
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey (one-party period) File:Flag of the Republican People's Party (Turkey).svg Republican People's Party Kemalism 1923 1945 Asia/Europe
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Turkmen nationalism
Secularism
Social conservatism
Catch-all party 		1992 2008 Asia
File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svgFile:Flag of Tannu Tuva (1921-1926).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1926-1930).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1930-1933).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1933-1939).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1941-1943).svgFile:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg Tuva File:Flag of the Tuvinian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		14 August 1921 11 October 1944 Template:Ayd Asia
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda File:Flag of Uganda People's Congress.svg Uganda People's Congress Social democracy
African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1969 1971 Africa
File:Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
State socialism 		10 March 1919 30 December 1922 Template:Ayd Europe
File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg United Arab Republic National Union Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Pan-Arabism 		1958 1961 Africa
Republic of Upper Volta Upper Volta Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally African nationalism
Pan-Africanism 		1960 1966 Africa
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy Royalism
Yugoslav nationalism
Agrarianism
Centralism
Anti-liberalism 		1929 1931 Europe
File:Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svgFile:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg Yugoslavia File:League of Communists of Yugoslavia Flag.svg League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia) Marxism–Leninism
Titoism
Yugoslavism 		29 November 1945 22 January 1990 Template:Ayd Europe
Zaire Zaire Popular Movement of the Revolution Mobutism
Zairean nationalism
Authenticité 		1970 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zambia (1964–1996).svg Zambia File:Unip Zambia Flag.png United National Independence Party African socialism
African nationalism 		1972 1990 Africa
File:Flag of Zanzibar.svg Zanzibar File:Flag of Afro-Shirazi party.svg Afro-Shirazi Party African nationalism
Marxism–Leninism 		1964 1977 Africa

See also

[edit | edit source]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[20] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[21][22]
  2. ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
  3. ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
  4. ↑ While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtailed independent political activities.

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. p. 611. ISBN 9781608716791.
  2. ↑ "One-Party". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  3. ↑ Angiolillo, Fabio (27 April 2023). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies". Journal of Peace Research. 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (1 May 2010). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (10 August 2018). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. S2CID 158403649.
  6. ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (12 May 2022). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science. 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 241393914.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Malesky, Edmund; Schuler, Paul (26 October 2011). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805.
  8. ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (1 June 2009). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science. 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
  10. ↑ "China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 January 2023, archived from the original on 17 February 2023, retrieved 5 February 2023
  11. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". english.www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 November 2025. Retrieved 6 November 2025.
  12. ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  13. ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
  14. ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia". BBC News. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  15. ↑ Human Rights Watch (22 December 2021), Eritrea: Events of 2021, retrieved 4 February 2022
  16. ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  17. ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile". Freedom House. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  18. ↑ Tertitskiy, Fyodor (26 November 2014). "Being a minor party in the North". NK News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  19. ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile". Freedom House. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby". Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  21. ↑ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. JSTOR 26937807. S2CID 225324132. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  22. ↑ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  23. ↑ Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3.
  24. ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
  26. ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  27. ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph (PDF). Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
  29. ↑ "Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  30. ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book. 40: 226–228. JSTOR 23602316. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  31. ↑ Hepburn, A. (7 April 2004). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6.
  32. ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (18 June 1971). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5.
  33. ↑ "Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937". Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2.
  35. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Republic". portugal-info.net. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  37. ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Henderson, Jane (4 May 2011). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6.
  39. ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7.
  40. ↑ "BOE-A-1976-11502 Ley 21/1976, de 14 de junio, sobre el Derecho de Asociación Política". www.boe.es. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  41. ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  42. ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  43. ↑ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.

Template:Authoritarian types of rule

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