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Smolensk

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"Smolensko" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Smolensko (horse).
For other uses, see Smolensk (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox Russian inhabited localitySmolensk[lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilometers (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow. It has a population of Template:Ru-census2021

First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest cities in Russia. It has been a regional capital for most of the past millennium, beginning as the capital of the Principality of Smolensk in the 11th-15th centuries, then the Smolensk Voivodeship of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Smolensk Governorate and Oblast within Russia. It was the main stronghold of the Smolensk Gate, a geostrategically significant pass between the Daugava and Dnieper rivers, and as such was an important point of contention in the struggle for dominance in Eastern Europe, passing at various times between Lithuania, Poland and Russia. In more recent history, it was the site of two battles in 1812 and 1941 during the French invasion of Russia and Operation Barbarossa respectively on their paths towards Moscow. The Smolensk air disaster occurred near the city in 2010.

Etymology

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The name of the city is derived from the name of the Smolnya River[citation needed], which flows through Karelian and Murmansk areas of north-western Russia.[3] The origin of the river's name is less clear. One possibility is the old Slavic word смоль (smol') for black soil, which might have colored the waters of the Smolnya. An alternative origin could be the Russian word смола (smola), which means resin, tar, or pitch. Pine trees grow in the area, and the city was once a center of resin processing and trade. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959) recorded its name as Μιλινισκα (Miliniska).[4]

Geography

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The city is located in European Russia on the banks of the upper Dnieper River, which crosses the city within the Smolensk Upland, which is the western part of the Smolensk–Moscow Upland. The Dnieper River flows through the city from east to west and divides it into two parts: the northern (Zadneprove) and southern (center). Within the city and its surroundings the river takes in several small tributaries.

In the valleys are stretched streets, high ridges, hills, and headlands form the mountain. Smolensk is situated on seven hills (mountains). The old part of the city occupies the high, rugged left (south) bank of the Dnieper River. The area features undulating terrain, with a large number of tributaries, creeks and ravines.

History

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See also: Timeline of Smolensk

Medieval origins

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See also: Principality of Smolensk
File:Свирская Церковь.jpg
St. Michael's Church (Svirskaya) was built in 1180–1197 and is one of the few surviving structures in Russia from before the Mongol conquests.

Smolensk is among the oldest Russian cities. The first recorded mention of the city was 863 AD, two years after the founding of Kievan Rus'. According to Primary Chronicle, Smolensk (probably located slightly downstream, at the archaeological site of Gnezdovo) was located on the area settled by the East Slavic Radimichs tribe in 882 when Oleg of Novgorod took it in passing from Novgorod to Kiev. The town was first attested two decades earlier, when the Varangian chieftains Askold and Dir, while on their way to Kiev, decided against challenging Smolensk on account of its large size and population.

The first foreign writer to mention the city was the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In De Administrando Imperio (c. 950) he described Smolensk as a key station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Rus' people sailed from the Baltic region up the Western Dvina (Daugava) River as far as they could then they portaged their boats to the upper Dnieper. It was in Smolensk that they supposedly mended any leaks and small holes that might have appeared in their boats from being dragged on the ground and they used tar to do that, hence the city name.

The Principality of Smolensk was founded in 1054. Due to its central position in Kievan Rus', the city developed rapidly. By the end of the 12th century, the princedom was one of the strongest in Eastern Europe, so that Smolensk princes frequently controlled the Kievan throne. Numerous churches were built in the city at that time, including the church of Sts. Peter and Paul (1146, reconstructed to its presumed original appearance after World War II) and the church of St. John the Baptist (1180, also partly rebuilt). The most remarkable church in the city is called Svirskaya (1197, still standing); it was admired by contemporaries as the most beautiful structure east of Kiev.

Smolensk had its own veche since the very beginning of its history. Its power increased after the disintegration of Kievan Rus', and although it was not as strong as the veche in Novgorod, the princes had to take its opinion into consideration; several times in 12th and 13th centuries there was an open conflict between them.[5]

Between Lithuania and Russia

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Historical affiliations

File:Royal banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.svg Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1404–1514
File:Banner of Dmitry Donskoy.svg Grand Principality of Moscow 1514–1547
File:Flag of the Tzar of Muscovia.svg Tsardom of Russia 1547–1611
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Poland–Lithuania 1611–1656
File:Flag of the Tzar of Muscovia.svg Tsardom of Russia 1656–1721
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire 1721–1812
File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg French occupation 1812
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire 1812–1917
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Republic 1917–1918
File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg Belarusian People's Republic 1918–1919
File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1927).svg Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 1919
File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1925).svg Russian SFSR 1919–1922
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936–1955).svg Soviet Union 1922–1941
File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg German occupation 1941–1943
File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 1943–1991
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 1991–present

Although spared by the Mongol armies in 1240, Smolensk paid tribute to the Golden Horde, gradually becoming a pawn in the long struggle between Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Principality of Moscow. The last sovereign monarch of Smolensk was Yury of Smolensk; during his reign the city was taken by Vytautas the Great of Lithuania on three occasions: in 1395, 1404, and 1408. After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some of Smolensk's boyars (e.g., the Sapiehas) moved to Vilnius; descendants of the ruling princes (e.g., the Tatishchevs, Kropotkins, Mussorgskys, Vyazemskys) fled to Moscow.

Three Lithuanian Smolensk regiments took part in the 1410 Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Knights. It was a severe blow to Lithuania when the city was taken by Vasily III of Russia in 1514. To commemorate this event, the Tsar founded the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow and dedicated it to the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk. The loss of Smolensk to Moscow was the inspiration for Stańczyk, one of the most famous paintings by Polish painter Jan Matejko.

File:Smalensk. Смаленск (1610).jpg
Siege of Smolensk (1609–1611) by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

In order to repel future Polish–Lithuanian attacks, Boris Godunov made it his priority to heavily fortify the city. The stone kremlin constructed in 1597–1602 is the largest in Russia. It features thick walls and numerous watchtowers. Heavy fortifications did not prevent the fortress from being taken by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1611 after a long twenty-month siege, during the Time of Troubles and Dimitriads. Weakened Muscovy temporarily ceded Smolensk land to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Truce of Deulino. The city was granted Magdeburg rights in 1611 and was the seat of Smolensk Voivodeship for the next forty-three years.[6]

To recapture the city, the Tsardom of Russia launched the so-called "Smolensk War" against the Commonwealth in 1632. After a defeat at the hands of king Wladislaw IV, the city remained in Polish–Lithuanian hands. In 1632, the Uniate bishop Lew Kreuza built his apartments in Smolensk; they were later converted into the Eastern Orthodox Church of Saint Barbara. The hostilities resumed in 1654 when the Commonwealth was being affected by the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Swedish deluge. After another siege, on 23 September 1654, Smolensk was recaptured by Russia. In the 1667 Truce of Andrusovo, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth renounced its claims to Smolensk.

Modern history

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File:Battle of Smolensk on 18 August 1812.jpg
French and Polish soldiers assault the burning city of Smolensk, 1812.

Smolensk has been a special place to Russians for many reasons, not least for the fact that the local cathedral housed one of the most venerated Orthodox icons, attributed to St. Luke. Building the new Cathedral of the Assumption was a great project which took more than a century to complete. Despite slowly sinking into an economic backwater, Smolensk was still valued by the Tsars as a key fortress defending the route to Moscow. It was made the seat of Smolensk Governorate in 1708.

In August 1812, two of the largest armies ever assembled clashed in Smolensk. During the hard-fought battle, described by Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace (Book Three Part Two Chapter 4), Napoleon entered the city. Total losses were estimated at 30,000 men. Apart from other military monuments, central Smolensk features the Eagles monument, unveiled in 1912 to mark the centenary of Napoleon's Russian campaign.

File:Smolensk 1912.jpg
View of Smolensk in 1912. Early colour photograph by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii

At the beginning of World War I, the 56th Smolensk Infantry Division was first assigned to the First Army of the Imperial Russian Army. They fought at the Battle of Tannenberg. It was subsequently transferred to the 10th Army and fought at the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. In March 1918, the Belarusian People's Republic, proclaimed in Minsk under the German occupation, declared Smolensk part of it. In February–December 1918, Smolensk was home to the headquarters of the Western Front, North-West Oblast Bolshevik Committee and Western Oblast Executive Committee. On 1 January 1919, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in Smolensk,[7] but its government moved to Minsk as soon as the German forces had been driven out of the city several days later.

Soviet period

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In 1940, 18 km (11 mi) from Smolensk, the Katyn Massacre occurred, in which some 22,000 Polish POWs were murdered by the NKVD. At this time Boris Menshagin was mayor of Smolensk, with his deputy Boris Bazilevsky. Both of them would be key witnesses in the Nuremberg Trials over the massacre.[8]

File:Смоленск во время оккупации.jpg
Smolensk under German occupation, 1941.

During World War II, Smolensk once again saw wide-scale fighting during the first Battle of Smolensk when the city was captured by the Germans on 16 July 1941. The first Soviet counteroffensive against the German army was launched in August but failed. However, the limited Soviet victories outside the city halted the German advance for a crucial two months, granting time to Moscow's defenders to prepare in earnest. Over 93% of the city was destroyed during the fighting; the ancient icon of Our Lady of Smolensk was lost. Nevertheless, it escaped total destruction. In late 1943, Hermann Göring had ordered Gotthard Heinrici to destroy Smolensk in accordance with the Nazi "scorched earth" policy. He refused and was punished for it. The city was finally liberated on 25 September 1943, during the second Battle of Smolensk. The rare title of Hero City was bestowed on Smolensk after the war.

Wehrmacht troops captured the city in July 1941 after the Battle of Smolensk. They found the intact archives of the Smolensk Oblast Committee of the Communist Party, the so-called Smolensk Archive. The archive was moved to Nazi Germany, and a significant part of it eventually ended up in the United States, providing Western scholars and intelligence specialists with unique information during the Cold War on the local workings of the Soviet government during its first two decades. The archives were returned to Russia by the United States in 2002.[9][10]

Recent events

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File:Katastrofa w Smoleńsku.jpg
Wreckage from the Polish Tu-154 shortly after the Smolensk air disaster, 2010

On 10 April 2010, a Tu-154 military jet carrying Polish president Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and many notable political and military figures crashed in a wooded area near Smolensk while approaching the local military airport. All ninety-six passengers died immediately on impact. The purpose of the visit was to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre.

In June 2013, archaeologists of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered and unearthed ancient temples in Smolensk dated to the middle to second half of the 12th century, built on the left bank of the Dnieper River. At the time the city was the capital of Smolensk principality.[11]

In September 2013, Smolensk widely celebrated its 1,150th anniversary with funds spent on different construction and renovation projects in the city.[12] In celebration the Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins made of precious metals.[13]

Demographics

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Template:Historical populations

Attractions

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Owing to its long and rich history, Smolensk is home to many examples of Russian architecture ranging from the Kievan Rus period to post-WWII Stalinist style. Although the city was destroyed several times over, many historically and culturally significant buildings remain, including a large number of churches and cathedrals. The most famous of these are the Cathedral of the Assumption, the Immaculate Conception Church, and the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, which is one of the few structures from before the Mongol invasion remaining in Russia.

The Smolensk Kremlin

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The Smolensk Kremlin, built at the end of the 16th century during the reign of Tsars Fyodor I Ioannovich and Boris Godunov, under the supervision of the architect Fyodor Kon, is one of the greatest achievements of Russian medieval architecture and military engineering.

Churches and cathedrals

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Monuments

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Being the site of many great battles in Russian history, Smolensk is home to many monuments commemorating its rich military history.

Lopatinsky garden

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Square of Memory of Heroes

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Education buildings

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Post-war Stalinist buildings

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Administrative and municipal status

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Smolensk serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Smolensky District, even though it is not a part of it.[14] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Smolensk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[14] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[15]

Politics

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Chairman of the City Council of the VI convocation (since 24 December 2021) – Anatoly Ovsyankin (United Russia).

The Smolensk City Council of the VI convocation was elected on 13 September 2020. The party composition of the current city council is as follows: United Russia – 23 deputies, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation – 4 deputies, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia – 1 deputy, A Just Russia – 1 deputy, Party of Pensioners – 1 deputy.[16]

Climate

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Smolensk has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). By European standards, the climate is quite cold for its latitude on 54°N. The far inland position warms springs up relatively quickly, with May being quite a bit milder than September.

Template:Weather box

Economy

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Smolensk has several factories including the Smolensk Aviation Plant and several electronics and agricultural machinery factories.

Transportation

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File:Smolensk railway station.jpg
Smolensk railway station

Smolensk is located on the M1 main highway and Moscow–Brest Railway. Since 1870, there is a railway connection between Smolensk and Moscow.[17] Local public transport includes buses and trolleybuses. Public transportation network includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas.

There are two airports located in the outskirts of the city; Smolensk South (civilian) and Smolensk North (military); however, there are no regular flights scheduled to Smolensk South Airport.

Education

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Smolensk is home to the Smolensk State University (SMOLGU) and the Smolensk State Medical University (affiliated as university in 2015) (SSMU); together with colleges of further education and other educational institutes.

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Smolensk is twinned with:[18][19]

Notable people

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Honors

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Smolensk Strait between Livingston Island and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the city.[27][28]

A Soviet post World War II project planned the creation of a light cruiser vessel named Smolensk. It was never constructed.

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ↑ /ˈsmɒlɛnsk/,[1] US also /smoʊˈlɛnsk/;[2] Template:Langx, ru; Template:Langx; Template:Langx pl

Sources

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  1. ↑ "Definition of 'Smolensk'". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  2. ↑ "Smolensk". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  3. ↑ "Государственный водный реестр: река Смольная". textual.ru. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  4. ↑ Paul Stephenson (21 April 2000). "Byzantine Relations with Northern Peoples in the Tenth Century" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  5. ↑ Алексеев, Л. В. (1980). Смоленская земля в IX-XIII вв (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. pp. 111–115.
  6. ↑ Никитин, Павел (1848). История города Смоленска. Moscow: Типография Селивановского. p. 171.
  7. ↑ Marples, D. (2016). Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe. Springer. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-230-37831-5. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  8. ↑ Sanford, George. Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory, Part 804, 2005, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-33873-8.
  9. ↑ "None". Archived from the original on 29 January 2008.
  10. ↑ "Prologue: Selected Articles". Archives.gov. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  11. ↑ "Интерфакс-Религия: Археологи обнаружили в Смоленске храм XII века". www.interfax-religion.ru. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  12. ↑ "1150-летие Смоленска: от проектов к реализации". smolgazeta.ru. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
  13. ↑ "К 1150-летию основания Смоленска отчеканили памятные монеты из драгоценных металлов". www.35kopeek.ru. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Resolution #261
  15. ↑ Decision #164
  16. ↑ "Смоленский городской Совет" [Smolensk City Council]. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  17. ↑ "Train Station in Smolensk" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "Города-побратимы". smoladmin.ru (in Russian). Smolensk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "Colorado Springs Sister Cities International". coloradosprings.gov. City of Colorado Springs. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  20. ↑ Colorado Springs Suspends Sister City Partnership With Russian City, 7 March 2022, archived from the original on 9 December 2022, retrieved 9 December 2022
  21. ↑ Bhopal and Smolensk become Sister Cities, 11 May 2025, retrieved 9 October 2025
  22. ↑ Leonilla Baryatinskaya My Heritage
  23. ↑ "Glinka, Fedor Nikolaevich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 122.
  24. ↑ "Glinka, Michael Ivanovich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 122.
  25. ↑ "Glinka, Sergy Nikolaevich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 123.
  26. ↑ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich, Prince" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). p. 22.
  27. ↑ Smolensk Strait. Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
  28. ↑ Ivanov, L. General Geography and History of Livingston Island. In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-954-07-3939-7

Bibliography

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See also: Bibliography of the history of Smolensk
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Template:Smolensk Oblast Template:Major fortresses of Western Russia Template:Hero Cities Template:Gardariki

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