588 Achilles
588 Achilles is a large Jupiter trojan asteroid of the Greek camp. Achilles was the first Jupiter trojan to be discovered, and was discovered by Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in 1906. Wolf named the minor planet after the legendary hero Achilles from Greek mythology.[1][2] The dark D-type asteroid measures approximately 133 kilometers (83 miles) in diameter which makes it one of the 10 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 7.3 hours and possibly a spherical shape.[12]
| Image: 300 pixels Modelled shape of Achilles from its light curve | |
| Discovery[1] | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | M. F. Wolf |
| Discovery site | Heidelberg Obs. |
| Discovery date | 22 February 1906 |
| Designations | |
| (588) Achilles | |
| Pronunciation | /əˈkɪliːz/ |
Named after | Achilles (Greek mythology)[2] |
| 1906 TG | |
| Jupiter trojan[1][3] Greek[4] · background[5] | |
| Adjectives | Achillean /ˌækɪˈliːən, əˈkɪliən/[6] |
| Orbital characteristics[3] | |
| Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 112.25 yr (41,000 d) |
| Aphelion | 5.9714 AU |
| Perihelion | 4.4467 AU |
| 5.2091 AU | |
| Eccentricity | 0.1463 |
| 11.89 yr (4,343 d) | |
| 205.11° | |
| Template:Deg2DMS / day | |
| Inclination | 10.318° |
| 316.54° | |
| 133.50° | |
| Jupiter MOID | 0.5704 AU |
| TJupiter | 2.9460 |
| Physical characteristics | |
Mean diameter | 130.10±0.55 km[7] 133.22±3.33 km[8] 135.47±4.1 km[9] |
| 7.306±0.002 h[10][11] | |
| 0.0328±0.002[9] 0.035±0.002[8] 0.043±0.006[7] | |
| Tholen = DU[3][12] B–V = 0.755[3] U–B = 0.216[3] V–I = 0.940±0.019[12] | |
| 8.47[7] 8.67[1][3][8][9] | |
Discovery
[edit]Achilles was discovered on 22 February 1906, by the German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southern Germany. It was the first discovery of a Jupiter trojan, although Template:Mpl had been observed as Template:Mp two years previously. This body, however, remained unconfirmed as the observation period was not long enough to calculate an orbit. August Kopff, a colleague of Wolf at Heidelberg, then discovered 617 Patroclus eight months after Achilles, and, in early 1907, he discovered the largest of all Jupiter trojans, 624 Hektor.[13]
Orbit and classification
[edit]Achilles orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.4–6.0 AU in the Template:L4 Lagrangian point of the Sun–Jupiter System once every 11 years and 11 months (4,343 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic.[3]
Achilles is the first known example of the stable solution of the three-body problem worked out by French mathematician Joseph Lagrange in 1772, after whom the minor planet 1006 Lagrangea is named. After the discovery of other asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, which were also named after heroes from the Trojan War (see below), the term "Trojan asteroids" or "Jupiter trojans" became commonly used.[2] In addition, a rule was established that the Template:L4 point was the "Greek camp", whereas the Template:L5 point was the "Trojan camp", though not before each camp had acquired a "spy" (Hektor in the Greek camp and Patroclus in the Trojan camp).
Physical characteristics
[edit]Spectral type
[edit]In the Tholen taxonomic scheme, Achilles is classified as a D-type asteroid with an unusual spectrum (DU).[3] Its V–I color index of 0.94 is typical for most larger Jupiter trojans (see table below).
Photometry
[edit]Achilles's rotation period of 7.3 hours is somewhat shorter than that of most other large Jupiter trojans but close to that of 911 Agamemnon, 3451 Mentor and 3317 Paris, which are similar in size (see table below). Its low brightness amplitude is indicative of a rather spherical shape.[12] From July 2007 until September 2008, coordinated photometric observations were carried out by astronomers at Simeiz (Crimea), Rozhen (Bulgaria), Maidanak (Uzbekistan) and Kharkiv (Ukraine) observatories.[10][14] Analysis of the obtained lightcurves determined a period of 7.306±0.002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.02–0.11 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3).[12] Alternative period determinations by Cláudia Angeli (7.0 h), Robert Stephens (7.312 h), Stefano Mottola (7.32 h) and Vincenzo Zappalà (12 h) are mostly in good agreement (U=1/3-/3/1).[12][15][14][16][17]
Diameter and albedo
[edit]According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the body's surface has a very low albedo in the range of 0.0328 to 0.043, making its absolute magnitude of approximately 8.57 correspond to a diameter of 130.1 to 135.5 kilometers.[9][8][7]
Achilles is the 6th largest Jupiter trojan according to IRAS and Akari, and the 4th largest based on NEOWISE data: Template:Largest Jupiter trojans
Naming
[edit]This minor planet's name was suggested by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa. It was named after Achilles, the legendary hero from Greek mythology and central figure in Homer's Iliad which tells the accounts of the Trojan War (also see 5700 Homerus and 6604 Ilias). As an infant, Achilles was plunged in the River Styx by his mother Thetis (also see 17 Thetis), thus rendering his body invulnerable excepting the heel by which he was held. He slew Hector (see also 624 Hektor), the greatest Trojan warrior. He was eventually killed by an arrow in the heel by Paris (see 3317 Paris).[2]
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "588 Achilles (1906 TG)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(588) Achilles". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 61. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_589. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 588 Achilles (1906 TG)" (2018-05-25 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ "List of Jupiter Trojans". Minor Planet Center. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ↑ "Asteroid (588) Achilles – Proper elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ↑ "Achillean, achillea". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Masiero, J. R.; Nugent, C. R. (November 2012). "WISE/NEOWISE Observations of the Jovian Trojan Population: Taxonomy". The Astrophysical Journal. 759 (1): 10. arXiv:1209.1549. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759...49G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/49. S2CID 119101711. (online catalog)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System – IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shevchenko, V. G.; Krugly, Yu. N.; Belskaya, I. N.; Chiorny, V. G.; Gaftonyuk, N. M.; Slyusarev, I. G.; et al. (March 2009). "Do Trojan Asteroids Have the Brightness Opposition Effect?" (PDF). 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 1391. Bibcode:2009LPI....40.1391S. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ Shevchenko, V. G.; Belskaya, I. N.; Slyusarev, I. G.; Krugly, Yu. N.; Chiorny, V. G.; Gaftonyuk, N. M.; et al. (January 2012). "Opposition effect of Trojan asteroids". Icarus. 217 (1): 202–208. Bibcode:2012Icar..217..202S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.001. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Template:Cite LCDB
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: orbital class (TJN) and diameter > 50 (km)". JPL's Solar System Dynamics Group. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Stephens, Robert D. (April 2010). "Trojan Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories: 2009 October - December". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 37 (2): 47–48. Bibcode:2010MPBu...37...47S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ↑ Angeli, C. A.; Lazzaro, D.; Florczak, M. A.; Betzler, A. S.; Carvano, J. M. (May 1999). "A contribution to the study of asteroids with longrotational period". Planetary and Space Science. 47 (5): 699–714. Bibcode:1999P&SS...47..699A. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00122-6. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ↑ Mottola, Stefano; Di Martino, Mario; Erikson, Anders; Gonano-Beurer, Maria; Carbognani, Albino; Carsenty, Uri; et al. (May 2011). "Rotational Properties of Jupiter Trojans. I. Light Curves of 80 Objects". The Astronomical Journal. 141 (5): 32. Bibcode:2011AJ....141..170M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/170.
- ↑ Zappala, V.; di Martino, M.; Cellino, A.; de Sanctis, G.; Farinella, P. (December 1989). "Rotational properties of outer belt asteroids". Icarus. 82 (2): 354–368.ResearchsupportedbyCNRandMPI. Bibcode:1989Icar...82..354Z. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90043-2. ISSN 0019-1035. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
External links
[edit]- Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine)
- Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
- Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
- Asteroid 588 Achilles Archived 10 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, at the Small Bodies Data Ferret
- Template:AstDys
- Template:JPL small body