Demographics of Estonia

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Template:Infobox place demographics

File:Estonia 1950-2021.gif
Estonia animated population pyramid

The demographics of Estonia in the 21st century result from historical trends over more than a thousand years, as with most European countries, but have been disproportionately influenced by events in the second half of the 20th century. The Soviet occupation (1944–1991), extensive immigration from Russia and other parts of the former USSR, and the eventual restoration of independence of Estonia, have all had a major effect on Estonia's current ethnic makeup.[1] The influx was largely due to the country's troubled demographics and continued need for labour. After its independence, Estonia continued to bring in the needed labour power from the same countries as it did during the Soviet times.[2]

The languages spoken in Estonia largely reflect the composition of the indigenous and immigrant ethnic groups residing in Estonia, and thus have changed with historical trends affecting the ethnic makeup of the country. Similarly to other northern European peoples, religion plays a rather small part in the lives of most Estonians.[3][4][5]

Overall, the quality-of-life indices for Estonia indicate a modern industrial state. The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010.[6] Since 2016 immigration has exceeded emigration, making the overall population grow.[7]

Template:Historical populations

Population size and structure

Population decline in Estonia
File:Population of Estonia (1970-2010).png
Population of Estonia (1970–2010). Data by Statistics Estonia (2010).[6]
File:Natural population increase of Estonia (1945-2008).png
Natural population increase of Estonia from 1945–2008. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[8]
  •   Number of births
  •   Number of deaths
  •   Natural population increase
File:External migration of Estonia (2000-2009).png
External migration of Estonia from 2000–2009. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[9]
  •   Number of immigrants
  •   Number of emigrants
  •   Total external migration

    • According to the data of Statistics Estonia, on 1 January 2026, the population of Estonia was 1,360,745 persons.[10] On 1 January 2025 the population of Estonia was 1,369,995 persons,[11] on 1 January 2024 1,374,687 persons[12] and on 1 January 2023 Estonia had a population of 1,365,884.[13]

    The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990. After 1990, Estonia lost about 15% of its population (230,000 people). The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970.

    Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants.

    Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth.[17] The population mainly increased as a result of net immigration of European Union citizens.[18] Citizens of Russia and Ukraine made up the bulk of non-EU immigration.[19] The increase was detected through methodological changes in data collection. Initially a population decrease had been reported.[20]

    Structure of the population

    Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021):[21]
    Age group Male Female Total %
    Total 630 081 699 398 1 329 479 100
    0–4 36 496 34 282 70 778 5.32
    5–9 36 943 35 192 72 135 5.43
    10–14 38 862 36 812 75 674 5.69
    15–19 32 557 31 056 63 613 4.78
    20–24 32 304 30 481 62 785 4.72
    25–29 41 090 37 598 78 688 5.92
    30–34 53 536 47 937 101 473 7.63
    35–39 49 887 46 058 95 945 7.22
    40–44 47 106 44 160 91 266 6.86
    45–49 46 552 45 084 91 636 6.89
    50–54 41 680 42 995 84 675 6.37
    55–59 41 167 45 436 86 603 6.51
    60–64 38 495 47 293 85 788 6.45
    65–69 32 536 45 680 78 216 5.88
    70–74 24 568 39 996 64 564 4.86
    75–79 16 040 31 412 47 452 3.57
    80–84 12 326 30 478 42 804 3.22
    85–89 5 683 17 620 23 303 1.75
    90–94 1 960 7 968 9 928 0.75
    95–99 278 1 724 2 002 0.15
    100+ 15 136 151 0.01
    Age group Male Female Total Percent
    0–14 112 301 106 286 218 587 16.44
    15–64 424 374 418 098 842 472 63.37
    65+ 93 406 175 014 268 420 20.19
    File:Age structure of Estonia (1970-2010).png
    Age structure of Estonia from 1970 to 2010. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[6]
      Age: 0–14
      Age: 15–64
      Age: 65+

    Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older.[6] Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009. The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009.

    Vital statistics

    Births and deaths in Estonia over time
    File:Live births and deaths in Estonia.svg
    Live births and deaths over time
    File:Crude birth rate and death rate in Estonia.svg
    Crude birth rate and death rate over time
    File:Marriages and divorces in Estonia over time.svg
    Marriages and divorces in Estonia over time

    Vital statistics for the Governorate of Estonia

    The Governorate of Estonia comprised the northern part of present-day Estonia. The southern part was part of the Governorate of Livonia.[22]

    Template:Sticky-headerTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Table alignment

    Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000)
    1900 428,000 12,487 8,227 4,260 29.2 19.2 10.0
    1901 430,000 12,703 8,428 4,275 29.5 19.6 9.9
    1902 434,000 13,101 7,724 5,377 30.2 17.8 12.4
    1903 440,000 12,704 8,004 4,700 28.9 18.2 10.7
    1904 446,000 12,753 8,279 4,474 28.6 18.6 10.0
    1905 449,000 11,991 9,694 2,297 26.7 21.6 5.1
    1906 452,000 12,417 8,842 3,575 27.4 19.5 7.9
    1907 455,000 12,304 8,730 3,574 27.0 19.2 7.9
    1908 459,000 11,861 8,495 3,366 25.8 18.5 7.3
    1909 464,000 11,970 8,297 3,673 25.8 17.9 7.9
    1910 466,000 12,193 8,204 3,989 26.2 17.6 8.6
    1911 472,000 11,749 8,976 2,773 24.9 19.0 5.9
    1912 480,000 11,900 8,431 3,469 24.8 17.6 7.2
    1913 491,000 11,653 9,089 2,564 23.7 18.5 5.2
    1914 506,000 11,854 9,212 2,642 23.4 18.2 5.2

    Present Estonia

    Source: Statistics Estonia[23]

    File:Live births by age group in Estonia.svg
    Live births by age group in Estonia

    From 1947 to 1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births. The crude birth rate of 2011 was 10.96 (14,679 births) and the crude death rate of 2011 was 11.38 (15,244 deaths), making the rate of natural increase −0.42 (−565).[8] For more detailed historic data, see the table below.

    Notable events in Estonian demographics:

    Template:Sticky-headerTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Table alignment

    Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate
    1914 1,197,000 26,865 20,882 5,983 22.4 17.4 5.0 −12.5
    1915 1,188,000 24,680 21,841 2,839 20.8 18.4 2.4 −31.9
    1916 1,154,000 21,282 25,429 Template:Hyphen4,147 18.4 22.0 Template:Hyphen3.6 −25.9
    1917 1,120,000 18,333 27,336 Template:Hyphen9,003 16.4 24.4 Template:Hyphen8.0 −22.4
    1918 1,086,000 21,659 32,488 Template:Hyphen10,829 19.9 29.9 Template:Hyphen10.0 −10.3
    1919 1,064,000 18,456 28,800 Template:Hyphen10,344 17.3 27.1 Template:Hyphen9.7 13.5
    1920 1,068,000 19,625 21,363 Template:Hyphen1,738 18.4 20.0 Template:Hyphen1.6 19.4
    1921 1,087,000 22,067 17,143 4,924 20.3 15.8 4.5 9.3
    1922 1,102,000 22,255 18,401 3,854 20.2 16.7 3.5 4.7
    1923 1,111,000 22,347 16,630 5,717 20.1 15.0 5.1 −0.6
    1924 1,116,000 21,441 16,918 4,523 19.2 15.2 4.1 −3.2 99.9
    1925 1,117,000 20,445 16,680 3,765 18.3 14.9 3.4 −3.4 95.7
    1926 1,117,000 19,977 18,047 1,900 17.9 16.2 1.7 −2.6 101.8
    1927 1,116,000 19,705 19,356 500 17.7 17.3 0.4 −0.4 114.6
    1928 1,116,000 20,064 17,785 2,279 18.0 15.9 2.0 −2.0 103.6
    1929 1,116,000 19,110 20,178 Template:Hyphen1,068 17.1 18.1 Template:Hyphen1.0 1.0 110.5
    1930 1,116,000 19,471 16,610 2,861 17.4 14.9 2.6 −0.8 100.1
    1931 1,118,000 19,509 18,077 1,432 17.4 16.2 1.3 2.3 102.8
    1932 1,122,000 19,742 16,641 3,101 17.6 14.8 2.8 −1.0 96.8
    1933 1,124,000 18,208 16,472 1,736 16.2 14.7 1.5 0.3 94.0
    1934 1,126,000 17,305 15,853 1,452 15.4 14.1 1.3 1.4 91.1
    1935 1,129,000 17,891 16,864 1,027 15.8 14.9 0.9 0 89.3
    1936 1,130,000 18,222 17,594 628 16.1 15.6 0.6 0.3 89.2
    1937 1,131,000 18,190 16,614 1,576 16.1 14.7 1.4 0.4 90.7
    1938 1,133,000 18,453 16,496 1,957 16.3 14.6 1.7 −6.1 77.5
    1939 1,128,000 18,475 17,101 1,374 16.4 15.2 1.2 −29.6 78.8
    1940 1,096,000 18,407 19,024 Template:Hyphen617 16.8 17.4 Template:Hyphen0.6 −46.8 83.7
    1941 1,044,000 19,574 23,702 Template:Hyphen4,128 18.8 22.7 Template:Hyphen4.0 −21.9
    1942 1,017,000 19,242 20,276 Template:Hyphen1,034 18.9 19.9 Template:Hyphen1.0 −9.8 91.8
    1943 1,006,000 16,001 18,120 Template:Hyphen2,119 15.9 18.0 Template:Hyphen2.1 −13.8
    1944 990,000 15,180 24,700 Template:Hyphen9,520 15.3 24.9 Template:Hyphen9.6 −102.5
    1945 879,000 14,968 20,708 Template:Hyphen5,740 17.0 23.6 Template:Hyphen6.5 62.2 124.8
    1946 928,000 19,408 19,969 Template:Hyphen561 20.9 21.5 Template:Hyphen0.6 53.4 96.8
    1947 977,000 22,721 21,492 1,229 23.3 22.0 1.3 48.9 121.4
    1948 1,026,000 21,777 17,549 4,228 21.2 17.1 4.1 42.7 84.2
    1949 1,074,000 21,770 16,730 5,040 20.3 15.6 4.7 20.4 82.4
    1950 1,101,000 20,279 15,817 4,462 18.4 14.4 4.1 7.7 81.2
    1951 1,114,000 20,730 15,354 5,376 18.6 13.7 4.8 6.0 76.2
    1952 1,126,000 21,111 15,817 5,294 18.7 14.0 4.7 8.0 64.9
    1953 1,138,000 20,146 14,420 5,726 17.7 12.7 5.0 4.7 52.2
    1954 1,149,000 20,909 13,981 6,928 18.2 12.2 6.0 3.6 49.5
    1955 1,160,000 20,786 13,638 7,148 17.9 11.8 6.2 3.3 51.6
    1956 1,171,000 19,660 12,748 6,912 16.8 10.9 5.9 2.6 41.2
    1957 1,181,000 19,509 13,026 6,483 16.5 11.0 5.5 3.8 40.1
    1958 1,192,000 19,598 12,971 6,627 16.4 10.9 5.6 3.6 39.9
    1959 1,203,000 19,938 13,130 6,808 16.5 10.9 5.7 5.1 31.7
    1960 1,216,000 20,187 12,738 7,449 16.6 10.5 6.1 4.6 1.95 31.1
    1961 1,229,000 20,230 13,036 7,194 16.5 10.6 5.9 5.5 1.97 28.0
    1962 1,243,000 19,959 13,495 6,464 16.1 10.9 5.2 6.9 1.95 25.2
    1963 1,258,000 19,275 13,251 6,024 15.3 10.5 4.8 9.5 1.91 26.0
    1964 1,276,000 19,629 12,754 6,875 15.4 10.0 5.4 6.4 1.94 25.4
    1965 1,291,000 18,909 13,520 5,389 14.6 10.5 4.2 5.1 1.90 20.3
    1966 1,303,000 18,629 13,800 4,829 14.3 10.6 3.7 4.7 1.85 20.0
    1967 1,314,000 18,671 13,699 4,972 14.2 10.4 3.8 6.1 1.86 19.2
    1968 1,327,000 19,782 14,225 5,557 14.9 10.7 4.2 9.4 2.03 18.0
    1969 1,345,000 20,781 15,150 5,631 15.5 11.3 4.2 7.0 2.11 16.7
    1970 1,360,000 21,552 15,186 6,366 15.8 11.2 4.7 7.8 2.16 17.7
    1971 1,377,000 22,118 15,038 7,080 16.1 10.9 5.1 6.5 2.19 17.5
    1972 1,393,000 21,757 15,520 6,237 15.6 11.1 4.5 4.8 2.14 15.9
    1973 1,406,000 21,239 15,573 5,666 15.1 11.1 4.0 4.5 2.07 15.9
    1974 1,418,000 21,461 15,393 6,068 15.1 10.9 4.3 3.5 2.07 17.6
    1975 1,429,000 21,360 16,572 4,788 14.9 11.6 3.4 4.3 2.04 18.2
    1976 1,440,000 21,801 17,351 4,450 15.1 12.0 3.1 3.8 2.06 17.5
    1977 1,450,000 21,977 17,094 4,883 15.2 11.8 3.4 3.5 2.06 17.5
    1978 1,460,000 21,842 17,812 4,030 15.0 12.2 2.8 2.7 2.02 16.5
    1979 1,468,000 21,879 18,062 3,817 14.9 12.3 2.6 3.5 2.01 18.3
    1980 1,477,000 22,204 18,199 4,005 15.0 12.3 2.7 4.7 2.02 17.1
    1981 1,488,000 22,937 18,349 4,588 15.4 12.3 3.1 3.6 2.07 17.0
    1982 1,498,000 23,128 17,893 5,235 15.4 11.9 3.5 3.8 2.08 17.2
    1983 1,509,000 24,155 18,190 5,965 16.0 12.1 4.0 2.6 2.16 16.1
    1984 1,519,000 24,234 19,086 5,148 16.0 12.6 3.4 3.2 2.17 13.6
    1985 1,529,000 23,630 19,343 4,287 15.5 12.7 2.8 4.4 2.12 14.1
    1986 1,540,000 24,106 17,986 6,120 15.7 11.7 4.0 3.8 2.17 15.9
    1987 1,552,000 25,086 18,279 6,807 16.2 11.8 4.4 2.0 2.26 16.0
    1988 1,562,000 25,060 18,551 6,509 16.0 11.9 4.2 −0.4 2.26 12.4
    1989 1,568,000 24,318 18,536 5,762 15.5 11.8 3.7 −3.1 2.22 14.8
    1990 1,569,000 22,304 19,531 2,778 14.2 12.4 1.8 −6.9 2.05 12.3
    1991 1,561,000 19,413 19,715 Template:Hyphen302 12.4 12.6 Template:Hyphen0.2 −17.7 1.80 13.3
    1992 1,533,000 18,038 20,126 Template:Hyphen2,088 11.8 13.1 Template:Hyphen1.4 −24.0 1.71 15.7
    1993 1,494,000 15,253 21,286 Template:Hyphen6,033 10.2 14.2 Template:Hyphen4.0 −16.7 1.49 15.6
    1994 1,463,000 14,176 22,212 Template:Hyphen8,036 9.7 15.2 Template:Hyphen5.5 −12.3 1.42 14.4
    1995 1,437,000 13,509 20,828 Template:Hyphen7,319 9.4 14.5 Template:Hyphen5.1 −9.5 1.38 14.9
    1996 1,416,000 13,242 19,020 Template:Hyphen5,778 9.4 13.4 Template:Hyphen4.1 −7.2 1.37 10.5
    1997 1,400,000 12,577 18,572 Template:Hyphen5,995 9.0 13.3 Template:Hyphen4.3 −5.7 1.32 10.0
    1998 1,386,000 12,167 19,445 Template:Hyphen7,278 8.8 14.0 Template:Hyphen5.3 −1.9 1.28 9.4
    1999 1,376,000 12,425 18,447 Template:Hyphen6,022 9.0 13.4 Template:Hyphen4.4 19.7 1.32 9.6
    2000 1,397,000 13,067 18,403 Template:Hyphen5,336 9.4 13.2 Template:Hyphen3.8 −2.6 1.35 8.4
    2001 1,388,000 12,632 18,516 Template:Hyphen5,884 9.1 13.2 Template:Hyphen4.2 −2.3 1.31 8.8
    2002 1,379,000 13,001 18,355 Template:Hyphen5,354 9.4 13.3 Template:Hyphen3.9 −1.9 1.36 5.7
    2003 1,371,000 13,036 18,152 Template:Hyphen5,116 9.5 13.2 Template:Hyphen3.7 −2.1 1.36 7.0
    2004 1,363,000 13,992 17,685 Template:Hyphen3,693 10.3 13.0 Template:Hyphen2.7 −3.2 1.47 6.4
    2005 1,355,000 14,350 17,316 Template:Hyphen2,966 10.6 12.8 Template:Hyphen2.2 −3.7 1.52 5.4
    2006 1,347,000 14,877 17,316 Template:Hyphen2,439 11.0 12.9 Template:Hyphen1.8 −2.7 1.58 4.4
    2007 1,341,000 15,775 17,409 Template:Hyphen1,634 11.8 13.0 Template:Hyphen1.2 −1.8 1.69 5.0
    2008 1,337,000 16,028 16,675 Template:Hyphen647 12.0 12.5 Template:Hyphen0.5 −1.0 1.72 5.0
    2009 1,335,000 15,763 16,081 Template:Hyphen318 11.8 12.1 Template:Hyphen0.2 −2.0 1.70 3.6
    2010 1,332,000 15,825 15,790 35 11.9 11.9 0.0 −3.8 1.72 3.3
    2011 1,327,000 14,679 15,244 Template:Hyphen565 11.0 11.4 Template:Hyphen0.4 −2.6 1.61 2.5
    2012 1,323,000 14,056 15,450 Template:Hyphen1,394 10.6 11.7 Template:Hyphen1.1 −2.7 1.56 3.6
    2013 1,318,000 13,531 15,244 Template:Hyphen1,713 10.3 11.6 Template:Hyphen1.3 −1.7 1.52 2.1
    2014 1,314,000 13,551 15,484 Template:Hyphen1,933 10.3 11.8 Template:Hyphen1.5 1.5 1.54 2.7
    2015 1,314,000 13,907 15,243 Template:Hyphen1,336 10.6 11.6 Template:Hyphen1.0 2.5 1.58 2.5
    2016 1,316,000 14,053 15,392 Template:Hyphen1,339 10.7 11.7 Template:Hyphen1.0 1.8 1.60 2.3
    2017 1,317,000 13,784 15,543 Template:Hyphen1,759 10.5 11.8 Template:Hyphen1.3 5.1 1.59 2.3
    2018 1,322,000 14,367 15,751 Template:Hyphen1,384 10.9 11.9 Template:Hyphen1.0 4.8 1.67 1.6
    2019 1,327,000 14,099 15,401 Template:Hyphen1,302 10.6 11.6 Template:Hyphen1.0 2.5 1.66 1.6
    2020 1,329,000 13,209 15,811 Template:Hyphen2,602 9.9 11.9 Template:Hyphen2.0 3.5 1.58 1.4
    2021 1,331,000 13,272 18,587 Template:Hyphen5,315 10.0 14.0 Template:Hyphen4.0 17.5 1.61 2.2
    2022 1,349,000 11,646 17,315 Template:Hyphen5,669 8.6 12.8 Template:Hyphen4.2 19.8 1.41 2.2
    2023 1,370,000 10,949 16,002 Template:Hyphen5,053 8.0 11.7 Template:Hyphen3.7 19.2 1.31 1.7
    2024 1,372,000 9,690 15,756 Template:Hyphen6,066 7.1 11.5 Template:Hyphen4.4 5.8 1.18 1.5
    2025 1,365,400 9,240 15,688 Template:Hyphen6,448 6.8 11.5 Template:Hyphen4.7 1.2 1.16 1.3
    2026 1,360,700

    According to Statistics Estonia, on 1 January 2026, the population of Estonia stood at 1,360,745. This is 9,250 persons fewer than at the same time the year before. Estonia's population decreased for the second year in a row. There were 9,240 births and 15,688 deaths last year – natural increase was negative -6,448 persons. Net migration was negative after several years – 15,212 persons immigrated to Estonia and 18,014 persons emigrated (−2,802 people).[10]

    Year earlier, on 1 January 2025, the population of Estonia was 1,369,995. This was 4,692 persons less than year ago. There were 9,690 births and 15,756 deaths in Estonia last year. 18,634 persons immigrated to Estonia and 17,260 persons emigrated in 2024 – natural increase was negative (−6,066), while net migration was positive (+1,374).[11]

    On 1 January 2024 1,374,687 persons lived in Estonia.[12] In 2023 natural increase was negative (−5,053 people), while net migration was positive (+13,856 people, 26,399 persons immigrated to Estonia and 12,543 persons emigrated from Estonia). On 1 January 2023 1,365,884 persons lived in Estonia,[13][24] on 1 January 2022 lived in Estonia 1,331,796 persons and on 1 January 2021 1,330,068 persons.[25]

    Current vital statistics

    The data is based on registrations of births and deaths.

    Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
    January–April 2025 2,934 5,406 –2,472
    January–April 2026 2,844 5,457 –2,613
    Difference Decrease –90 (−3.07%) Error creating thumbnail: +51 (+0.94%) Decrease –141
    Source:[26][27][28]

    Total fertility rate

    Between 1970 and 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) was little over 2 children born per woman.[29] A fast decrease of the TFR occurred after independence. In 1998 the lowest rate was recorded: 1.28 children born per woman. The TFR slightly recovered in the subsequent years. The TFR was 1.66 in 2008 and 1.52 in 2011.

    Infant mortality rate

    The infant mortality rate in Estonia has decreased considerably during the past decades. In 1970 the rate was 17.7 per 1,000 live births.[29] The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000. The lowest infant mortality rate was recorded in 2011: 2.6.

    Life expectancy at birth

    File:Life expectancy in Estonia.svg
    Development of life expectancy in Estonia

    Life expectancy in Estonia is lower than in most Western European countries. During the Soviet era life expectancy in males was between 64 and 66 years and in females between 73 and 75 years.[29] After the independence, life expectancy decreased for a number of years. In 1994, the lowest life expectancy was recorded: 60.5 years in males and 72.8 in females. After 1994, in 30 years, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 75.1 years in males and 84.4 in females in 2024.[30]

    Period Life expectancy in
    Years[31][32][30]
    1950–1955 61.77
    1955–1960   66.92
    1960–1965   69.38
    1965–1970   70.31
    1970–1975 Decrease 70.27
    1975–1980 Decrease 69.43
    1980–1985 Decrease 69.32
    1985–1990   70.34
    1991–1995 Decrease 68.11
    1996–2000   70.17
    2001–2005   71.97
    2006–2010   74.36
    2011–2015   77.00
    2016–2020   78.39
    2021–2024   78.44
    2024   79.46
    2025   79.80

    By data from Statistics Estonia, life expectancy at birth in 2025 was 75.6 years for males and 83.6 years for females, on average for all 79.8 years.[33] In 1994, the life expectancy of Estonian residents was 66.5 years, whereas by 2024 it had increased by 13 years and reached 79.5 years. 2025 data show than Estonian residents have 57.3 (2024: 58.7) healthy life years at birth. Men live disability-free for 55.2 (56.8) years and women for 59.3 (60.6) years.[34][33]

    For comparison, life expectancy in Estonia is still below the European average, which was 81.5 years in 2024.[33]


    Ethnic groups

    See also: Estonian Swedes, Baltic Germans, Russians in Estonia, Ukrainians in Estonia, Armenians in Estonia, Võros, and Setos

    Population of Estonia by ethnic groups 2022–2025 [35][36]

    Ethnic
    group     		2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
    Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
    Estonians 919,693 Template:Percentage bar 925,892 Template:Percentage bar 931,993 Template:Percentage bar 931,124 Template:Percentage bar 932,603 Template:Percentage bar
    Russians 315,242 Template:Percentage bar 306,801 Template:Percentage bar 296,268 Template:Percentage bar 285,736 Template:Percentage bar 276,125 Template:Percentage bar
    Ukrainians 27,826 Template:Percentage bar 55,675 Template:Percentage bar 68,770 Template:Percentage bar 75,043 Template:Percentage bar 75,250 Template:Percentage bar
    Belarusians 11,605 Template:Percentage bar 11,562 Template:Percentage bar 11,402 Template:Percentage bar 11,844 Template:Percentage bar 11,477 Template:Percentage bar
    Finns 8,543 Template:Percentage bar 8,518 Template:Percentage bar 8,344 Template:Percentage bar 8,080 Template:Percentage bar 8,059 Template:Percentage bar
    Latvians 3,827 Template:Percentage bar 4,094 Template:Percentage bar 4,232 Template:Percentage bar 4,225 Template:Percentage bar 4,272 Template:Percentage bar
    Germans 2,701 Template:Percentage bar 2,900 Template:Percentage bar 2,923 Template:Percentage bar 2,954 Template:Percentage bar 2,983 Template:Percentage bar
    Lithuanians 2,097 Template:Percentage bar 2,146 Template:Percentage bar 2,146 Template:Percentage bar 2,095 Template:Percentage bar 2,100 Template:Percentage bar
    Tatars 1,938 Template:Percentage bar 1,984 Template:Percentage bar 2,022 Template:Percentage bar 2,023 Template:Percentage bar 2,148 Template:Percentage bar
    Jews 1,852 Template:Percentage bar 1,939 Template:Percentage bar 2,013 Template:Percentage bar 2,012 Template:Percentage bar 1,951 Template:Percentage bar
    Poles 1,845 Template:Percentage bar 1,915 Template:Percentage bar 1,882 Template:Percentage bar 1,883 Template:Percentage bar 1,928 Template:Percentage bar
    Armenians 1,666 Template:Percentage bar 1,755 Template:Percentage bar 1,804 Template:Percentage bar 1,852 Template:Percentage bar 1,889 Template:Percentage bar
    Azerbaijanis 1,546 Template:Percentage bar 1,688 Template:Percentage bar 1,775 Template:Percentage bar 1,837 Template:Percentage bar 1,975 Template:Percentage bar
    Other ethnic nationalities 24,703 Template:Percentage bar 28,237 Template:Percentage bar 30,433 Template:Percentage bar 31,626 Template:Percentage bar 24,703 Template:Percentage bar
    Ethnic nationality unknown 6,712 Template:Percentage bar 10,778 Template:Percentage bar 8,680 Template:Percentage bar 6,178 Template:Percentage bar 5,398 Template:Percentage bar
    Total 1,331,796 1,365,884 1,374,687 1,369,995 1,360,745
    File:Share of Estonians.png
    Share of ethnic Estonians by Estonian locality

    Today, Estonia is an ethnically fairly diverse country, ranking 97th out of 239 countries and territories in 2001 study by Kok Kheng Yeoh.[37] In 2008, thirteen of Estonia's fifteen counties were over 80% ethnic Estonian. The counties with the highest percentage Estonians are Hiiu County (98.4%) and Saare County (98.3%). However, in Harju County (which includes the national capital, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru County, ethnic Estonians make up only 59.6% (55.0% in Tallinn) and 19.7% of the population, respectively. In those two counties, Russians account for 32.4% (36.4% in Tallinn) and 71.2% of the population, respectively. In the nation as a whole, Russians make up 23% of the total population.[38]

    After gaining independence following World War I a population census was held in 1922 and 1934. At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia.

    Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru.[39]

    Population of Estonia by ethnic group 1897–2021

    Ethnic
    group     		census 1897[40] census 19221 census 19341 census 19592 census 19703 census 19794 census 19895 census 20006 census 2011[41] census 2021[42]
    Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
    Estonians 867,794 90.6 969,976 87.6 992,520 88.1 892,653 74.6 925,157 68.2 947,812 64.7 963,281 61.5 930,219 67.9 902,547 69.7 919,711 69.1
    Russians 37,599 3.9 91,109 8.2 92,656 8.2 240,227 20.1 334,620 24.7 408,778 27.9 474,834 30.3 351,178 25.6 326,235 25.2 315,252 23.6
    Ukrainians 504 0.1 — 92 0.0 15,769 1.3 28,086 2.1 36,044 2.5 48,271 3.1 29,012 2.1 22,573 1.7 27,828 2.1
    Belarusians 272 0.0 — — 10,930 0.9 18,732 1.4 23,461 1.6 27,711 1.8 17,241 1.3 12,579 1.0 11,606 0.9
    Finns 362 0.0 401 0.0 1,088 0.1 16,699 1.4 18,537 1.4 17,753 1.2 16,622 1.1 11,837 0.9 7,589 0.6 8,543 0.6
    Latvians 5,470 0.6 1,966 0.2 5,435 0.5 2,888 0.2 3,286 0.2 3,963 0.3 3,135 0.2 2,330 0.2 1,764 0.1 3,827 0.3
    Germans 33,362 3.5 18,319 1.7 16,346 1.5 670 0.1 7,850 0.6 3,944 0.3 3,466 0.2 1,870 0.1 1,544 0.1 2,701 0.2
    Lithuanians 44 0.0 436 0.0 253 0.0 1,616 0.1 2,356 0.2 2,379 0.2 2,568 0.2 2,116 0.2 1,727 0.1 2,097 0.2
    Tatars 36 0.0 — 166 0.0 1,534 0.1 2,204 0.2 3,195 0.2 4,058 0.3 2,582 0.2 1,993 0.2 1,938 0.1
    Jews 3,837 0.4 4,566 0.4 4,434 0.4 5,433 0.5 5,282 0.4 4,954 0.3 4,613 0.3 2,145 0.2 1,973 0.2 1,852 0.1
    Poles 1,941 0.2 969 0.1 1,608 0.1 2,256 0.2 2,651 0.2 2,897 0.2 3,008 0.2 2,193 0.2 1,664 0.1 1,845 0.1
    Swedes 6,083 0.6 7,850 0.7 7,641 0.7 — 435 0.0 254 0.0 297 0.0 300 0.0 380 0.0 811
    Armenians — — — — — — — — 1,428 0.1 1,666 0.1
    Azerbaijanis — — — — — — — — 940 0.0 1,546 0.1
    French people — — — — — — — — 117 0.0 1,275 0.0
    Italians — — — — — — — — 230 0.0 1,181 0.0
    Hindus — — — — — — — — 90 0.0 1,165 0.0
    Englishmen — — — — — — — — 270 0.0 999 0.0
    Georgians — — — — — — — — 490 0.0 946 0.0
    Spaniards — — — — — — — — 100 0.0 767 0.0
    Turkish people — — — — — — — — 86 0.0 763 0.0
    Moldavians — — — — — — — — 511 0.0 730 0.0
    Romani people — — — — — — — — 482 0.0 676 0.0
    Americans — — — — — — — — 245 0.0 645 0.0
    Pakistanis — — — — — — — — 27 0.0 560 0.0
    Romanians — — — — — — — — 91 0.0 517 0.0
    Arabs — — — — — — — — 80 0.0 489 0.0
    Brazilians — — — — — — — — 29 0.0 460 0.0
    Chinese — — — — — — — — 90 0.0 427 0.0
    Persians — — — — — — — — 23 0.0 426 0.0
    Other 1,047 0.1 11,467 1.0 4,266 0.4 6,116 0.5 6,883 0.5 9,042 0.6 13,798 0.9 19,174 1.4 7,538 0.6 18,575 1.4
    Total 958,351 1,107,059 1,126,413 1,196,791 1,356,079 1,464,476 1,565,662 1,370,052 1,294,455 1,331,824

    As a result of the Soviet occupation from 1944 to 1991 and Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934 following large scale Russian migration which provoked fear that the Estonian majority would become a minority.[43][44] But in the decade following the restoration of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians, as well as ethnic groups of other former Soviet countries, and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994,[45] caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61.5% in 1989 to 68.7% in 2008. In the same period the proportion of ethnic Russians decreased from 30.0% to 25.6%, the proportion of ethnic Ukrainians decreased from 3.1% to 2.1%, and the proportion of ethnic Belarusians decreased from 1.8% to 1.2%.[38][43]

    File:Estonia ethnic makeup.png
    1897–2011 Estonia ethnic makeup
    File:Citizenship of the Estonian population (2010-07-02).png
    Citizenship of the population of Estonia in 2010. Data is taken from Statistics Estonia.[46]
      Estonian: 1,148,895
      Russian: 95,939
      Others: 21,517
      Undetermined: 99,173

    In 2008, the largest ethnic groups in Estonia were Estonians 68.7%, Russians 25.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.2%, and Finns 0.8%. These five groups made up 98.4% of Estonia's population.[38]

    The numbers had changed a little by the time of the 2021 census, when they were reported as Estonians 69.1%, Russians 23.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 0.9%, and Finns 0.6%.[42]

    • Population pyramids of ethnic groups within Estonia
    • Estonians
      Estonians
    • Russian
      Russian
    Newborns in Estonia according to ethnic group
    Ethnicity 1989[47] 1996[47] 2001[47] 2006[47] 2011[47] 2016[47] 2021[47] 2024[47]
    Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
    Template:Flag icon Estonian 15,701 64.6 9,607 72.5 8,867 70.2 10,678 71.8 10,809 73.6 9,973 71.0 10,077 75.9 7,045 72.7
    Template:Flag icon Russian 6,539 26.9 2,938 22.2 3,172 25.1 3,583 24.1 3,438 23.4 3,612 25.7 2,553 19.2 1,615 16.7
    Template:Flag icon Ukrainian 856 3.5 250 1.9 235 1.9 215 1.4 142 1.0 186 2.0 186 1.4 487 5.0
    Other 1,222 5.0 447 3.4 358 2.8 401 2.7 290 2.0 282 1.3 456 3.4 543 5.6
    Total 24,318 13,242 12,632 14,877 14,679 14,053 13,272 9,690

    Immigration

    As the cumulative negative natural growth was about 82,000 during 1991–2010, the remainder of the population decline of Estonia since 1990 (230,000 people in total) was caused by emigration (150,000 people or about 10% of the population of Estonia in 1990). Mainly ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians emigrated. Consequently, the proportion of these ethnic groups decreased as can be seen in the results of the 2000 census (see below). Data from 2000 to 2009 also shows that the number of emigrants is larger than the number of immigrants, but on a much lower lever than in the 1990s.[9]

    Estonia migration data, 2014–present

    Year Immigration Emigration Net Migration
    2014 3,904 4,637 −733
    2015 15,413 13,003 2,410
    2016 14,822 13,792 1,030
    2017 17,616 12,358 5,258
    2018 17,547 10,476 7,071
    2019 18,172 12,801 5,371
    2020 16,209 12,427 3,782
    2021 19,524 12,481 7,043
    2022 49,414 9,657 39,757
    2023 26,399 12,543 13,856
    2024 18,634 17,260 1,374
    2025 15,212 18,014 −2,802
    Foreign-born population by census in 2000, 2011 and 2021
    Country of birth 2000[48] 2011[48] 2021[48]
    Number % Number % Number %
      Russia 184,795 Template:Percentage bar 134,948 Template:Percentage bar 110,161 Template:Percentage bar
      Ukraine 25,185 Template:Percentage bar 21,156 Template:Percentage bar 28,621 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 14,883 Template:Percentage bar 11,593 Template:Percentage bar 10,326 Template:Percentage bar
      Latvia 4,326 Template:Percentage bar 3,859 Template:Percentage bar 6,375 Template:Percentage bar
      Finland 1,381 Template:Percentage bar 2,173 Template:Percentage bar 6,130 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 3,841 Template:Percentage bar 3,710 Template:Percentage bar 3,802 Template:Percentage bar
      Germany 978 Template:Percentage bar 1,240 Template:Percentage bar 2,536 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 2,101 Template:Percentage bar 1,816 Template:Percentage bar 2,014 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 1,449 Template:Percentage bar 1,450 Template:Percentage bar 1,828 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 1,586 Template:Percentage bar 1,449 Template:Percentage bar 1,794 Template:Percentage bar
      United Kingdom 65 Template:Percentage bar 475 Template:Percentage bar 1,718 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 878 Template:Percentage bar 801 Template:Percentage bar 1,431 Template:Percentage bar
      France 89 Template:Percentage bar 192 Template:Percentage bar 1,315 Template:Percentage bar
      India 53 Template:Percentage bar 101 Template:Percentage bar 1,302 Template:Percentage bar
      United States 193 Template:Percentage bar 565 Template:Percentage bar 1,293 Template:Percentage bar
      Italy 27 Template:Percentage bar 267 Template:Percentage bar 1,188 Template:Percentage bar
    File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 1,091 Template:Percentage bar 1,064 Template:Percentage bar 1,165 Template:Percentage bar
      Nigeria 5 Template:Percentage bar 13 Template:Percentage bar 1,030 Template:Percentage bar
    Other countries 14,096 Template:Percentage bar 5,491 Template:Percentage bar 17,236 Template:Percentage bar
    Foreign-born total 257,022 Template:Percentage bar 192,363 Template:Percentage bar 201,265 Template:Percentage bar
    Error creating thumbnail:  Estonia 1,113,030 Template:Percentage bar 1,102,092 Template:Percentage bar 1,130,559 Template:Percentage bar
    Population total 1,370,052 Template:Percentage bar 1,294,455 Template:Percentage bar 1,331,824 Template:Percentage bar

    There were a total of 201,265 foreign-born people in Estonia at 31 December 2021, representing 15% of the population. 55% of them were born in Russia, and a total of 84% in a Post-Soviet countries.

    In 2022, according to the data on registered migration (from the Population Register), 49,414 persons immigrated to Estonia and 9,657 persons emigrated from Estonia. Net migration was positive, 39,757 persons more staying than leaving Estonia. Both registered immigration and net migration were several times bigger than the average of recent years, due to the arrival of war refugees from Ukraine. Based on citizenship, the largest number of immigrants settling in Estonia had Ukrainian citizenship (33,217).[24][13]

    In 2021, the population of Estonia decreased by 5,315 persons due to negative natural increase and increased by 7,043 persons as a result of positive net migration – 19,524 persons immigrated to Estonia and 12,481 persons emigrated from Estonia (In 2020: 16,209 persons immigrated and 12,427 persons emigrated). The destination countries for migration were Finland, Ukraine and Russia in both directions.[25]

    Languages

    Main article: Languages of Estonia
    File:Estonia. Knowledge of languages.png
    Total knowledge (native + foreign) of different languages in Estonia, by age group, 2011
    File:Population of Estonia and share of Estonians (years 1-2020).png
    Population of Estonia and share of Estonians (years 1–2020)

    Many languages are spoken in Estonia, including Estonian (official), Võro, Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, German and others. According to the census of 2000, 109 languages were spoken natively in Estonia. By 2011, the number of languages spoken natively had increased to 157, mainly due to new immigrants. However, most of these languages were used only between relatives or compatriots, while only 30 languages were spoken on a daily basis in families.[49]

    Estonian and Finnish are closely related, belonging to the same Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. The two languages are only partially mutually intelligible, although learning to comprehend and speak each other's languages is fairly easy for native speakers. Estonian and Finnish are only distantly related to the Hungarian language.[50]

    Written with the Latin script, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. One-third of the standard vocabulary is derived from adding suffixes to root words. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th century chronicles. During the Soviet era, the Russian language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use.[citation needed]

    Population of Estonia by first language
    Language 2000 census[51] 2011 census[41] 2021 census [52]
    Number % Number % Number %
    Estonian 921,817 Template:Percentage bar 887,216 Template:Percentage bar 895,493 Template:Percentage bar
    Russian 406,755 Template:Percentage bar 383,118 Template:Percentage bar 379,210 Template:Percentage bar
    Ukrainian 12,299 Template:Percentage bar 8,016 Template:Percentage bar 12,431 Template:Percentage bar
    Finnish 4,932 Template:Percentage bar 2,621 Template:Percentage bar 4,276 Template:Percentage bar
    Belarusian 5,197 Template:Percentage bar 1,664 Template:Percentage bar 1,650 Template:Percentage bar
    Latvian 1,389 Template:Percentage bar 999 Template:Percentage bar 2,510 Template:Percentage bar
    Lithuanian 1,198 Template:Percentage bar 905 Template:Percentage bar 1,110 Template:Percentage bar
    English 248 Template:Percentage bar 878 Template:Percentage bar 3,879 Template:Percentage bar
    Tatar 1,251 Template:Percentage bar 806 Template:Percentage bar 645 Template:Percentage bar
    Armenian 719 Template:Percentage bar 717 Template:Percentage bar 842 Template:Percentage bar
    Azerbaijani 592 Template:Percentage bar 656 Template:Percentage bar 1,118 Template:Percentage bar
    German 557 Template:Percentage bar 522 Template:Percentage bar 1,834 Template:Percentage bar
    Polish 674 Template:Percentage bar 435 Template:Percentage bar 693 Template:Percentage bar
    Other 3,235 Template:Percentage bar 2,891 Template:Percentage bar 17,957 Template:Percentage bar
    Unknown 9,189 Template:Percentage bar 1,723 Template:Percentage bar 8,176 Template:Percentage bar
    Total 1,370,052 1,294,455 1,331,824
    Population of Estonia by command of foreign languages (as not the first language)
    Language 2000 census[51] 2011 census[41] 2021 census[41]
    Number % Number % Number %
    English 345,854 Template:Percentage bar 495,420 Template:Percentage bar 622,560 Template:Percentage bar
    Russian 578,004 Template:Percentage bar 545,537 Template:Percentage bar 508,060 Template:Percentage bar
    Estonian 167,804 Template:Percentage bar 177,286 Template:Percentage bar 223,950 Template:Percentage bar
    Finnish 138,354 Template:Percentage bar 167,315 Template:Percentage bar 138,300 Template:Percentage bar
    German 140,004 Template:Percentage bar 130,191 Template:Percentage bar 89,650 Template:Percentage bar
    French 9,912 Template:Percentage bar 18,677 Template:Percentage bar 18,540 Template:Percentage bar
    Swedish 9,345 Template:Percentage bar 13,990 Template:Percentage bar 14,540 Template:Percentage bar
    Other 20,385 Template:Percentage bar 39,761 Template:Percentage bar 33,150 Template:Percentage bar

    Census data show that in 2021 an estimated 76% of Estonia's population speak a foreign language. While 10 years ago the most widely spoken foreign language in Estonia was Russian, today it is English. Estonian is spoken by 84% of the population: 67% speak it as a mother tongue and 17% as a foreign language.[53]

    Religion

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    Main article: Religion in Estonia

    Religion in Estonia (2011)[54] [55]

      Eastern Orthodoxy (24.15%)
      Lutheranism (9.91%)
      Other religions (3.25%)
      Undeclared (8.55%)
      Non-religious (54.14%)
    File:Religious share in Estonia.png
    Share of religious people in regions
    File:Biggest religion in Estonia.png
    Plurality religion in regions

    According to the Eurobarometer Poll in 2010,[56] 18% of Estonian residents responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". This, according to the survey, would have made Estonians the most non-religious people in the then 27-member European Union. A survey conducted in 2006–2008 by Gallup showed that 14% of Estonians answered positively to the question: "Is religion an important part of your daily life?", which was the lowest among 143 countries polled.[57]

    In 2011, according to the census, 29.31% of the population considered themselves to be related to any religion:

    Lutheranism is the dominant religion among ethnic Estonians. Eastern Orthodoxy is practiced mainly among the Russian-speaking community, but also by the Setos in south-eastern Estonia. Ethnic Estonians in the islands of Kihnu, Muhu and parts of Saaremaa are also majority Orthodox as a legacy of 19th century conversions from Lutheranism.

    The organisation Maavalla Koda unites revival movements of pre-Christian Estonian beliefs.[58][59]

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ ERR, Jaak Valge ja Andres Aule | (2021-02-20). "Jaak Valge ja Andres Aule: sisseränne Eestisse, eriti eestlastele mõeldes". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2025-06-06.
    2. ↑ "Estonia: Impact of the war in Ukraine on labour migration – European Commission". home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2025-08-31.
    3. ↑ Esslemont, Tom (2011-08-26). "Spirituality in Estonia – the world's 'least religious' country". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
    4. ↑ Welch, Derek (2018-04-01). "Europe is Moving Away from Organized Religion – World Religion News". World Religion News. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
    5. ↑ "Religion in Estonia". Retrieved 2018-04-27.
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Population by sex and age group, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. Archived from the original on 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
    7. ↑ "Last year, immigration exceeded emigration for the first time after the restoration of independence in Estonia – Statistics Estonia". Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Births, deaths and natural increase". Statistics Estonia. 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Migration by administrative unit/type of settlement, sex and type of migration". Statistics Estonia. 2010-05-26. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "1,360,745 people: Estonia's population declined for the second year in a row | Statistikaamet". stat.ee. Retrieved 2026-04-21.
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "1,369,995 people: Estonia's population declined | Statistikaamet". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Estonia's population is increasing due to Ukrainian immigration | Statistikaamet". www.stat.ee. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Extraordinary year for population statistics – births at record low, migration at record high | Statistikaamet". www.stat.ee. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
    14. ↑ "Population census: Estonia's population and the number of Estonians have grown | Statistikaamet". rahvaloendus.ee. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
    15. ↑ "1,294,455 permanent residents enumerated in the census". 12 December 2012. Statistics Estonia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
    16. ↑ "General information". Update 10 January 2008. Statistics Estonia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
    17. ↑ "Estonian population growth continues in 2019 due to immigration". 17 January 2020.
    18. ↑ "The population increase was influenced by external migration". 4 May 2016. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 14 June 2016.[permanent dead link]
    19. ↑ "Immigration exceeds emigration in Estonia for first time since reindependence". ERR. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
    20. ↑ "The population of Estonia decreased last year". 15 January 2016. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 14 June 2016.[permanent dead link]
    21. ↑ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
    22. ↑ "Статистический ежегодник Российской Империи (Издание ЦСК ) – Проект "Исторические Материалы"". Istmat.info. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    23. ↑ "Home | Statistikaamet". www.stat.ee.
    24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The population of Estonia grew by 2%: immigration was the main contributor as births were at a record low | Statistikaamet". www.stat.ee. Preliminary data of population as of 1.1.2023. Retrieved 2023-01-18.CS1 maint: others (link)
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Immigration offset the high number of deaths; the population increased". www.stat.ee. Statistics Estonia. 2022-05-12. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12.
    26. ↑ "Preliminary data of registration of births by month and county of the registration". Statistics Estonia.
    27. ↑ "Preliminary data of registration of deaths by month and county of the registration". Statistics Estonia.
    28. ↑ "News". Estonian Ministry of the Interior.
    29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Main demographic indicators". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "RV045: Life expextancy by sex and age". PxWeb. Statistical database of Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
    31. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division". United Nations. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
    32. ↑ "Estonia Life expectancy at birth". Index Mundi. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Life expectancy in Estonia is 79.8 years, healthy life expectancy is 57.3 years | Statistikaamet". stat.ee. Retrieved 2026-05-28.
    34. ↑ "Life expectancy in Estonia is 79.5 years | Statistikaamet". stat.ee. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
    35. ↑ "Rv0222U: Population by Sex, Ethnic Nationality and County, 1 January".
    36. ↑ "RV067: POPULATION BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND SEX, 1 JANUARY". PxWeb. Retrieved 2025-05-03.
    37. ↑ "TOWARDS AN INDEX OF ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION" (PDF). University of Malaya. 2008-10-17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
    38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Population by sex, ethnic nationality and county, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. 2008-10-17. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
    39. ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jews in Estonia. 6. 1971. Archived from the original on 2012-09-22.
    40. ↑ "Demoscope Weekly – Annex. Statistical indicators reference". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue and command of foreign languages. Dialects". pub.stat.ee.
    42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Population by sex, ethnic nationality and county (2021)". stat.ee.
    43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Eesti rahvastik rahvaloenduste andmetel (Population of Estonia by population censuses) (in Estonian and English). 2. Eesti Statistikaamet (Statistical Office of Estonia). 1996. ISBN 9985-826-44-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
    44. ↑ Marples, David R. (2004). The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985–1991. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-582-50599-5. In the Baltic States, large migrations of ethnic Russians, particularly into Estonia and Latvia, raised fears that the indigenous population would soon become a minority in its own republic.
    45. ↑ Zvidrinš, Peteris (October 1994). "Changes of Ethnic Composition in the Baltic States". Nationalities Papers. 22 (2): 365–377. doi:10.1080/00905999408408333. ISSN 0090-5992.
    46. ↑ "Citizenship". Estonia.eu. 2010-07-02. Archived from the original on 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
    47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 "RV108: LIVE BIRTHS BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY OF PARENTS".
    48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Population by Country of Birth. Statistics Estonia;". Population and housing censuses: comparative data; form RLV501. 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
    49. ↑ Mart Rannut. "Keeleaasta 2012." Sirp, 1-24-2013. (in Estonian)
    50. ↑ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). "The Uralic Languages". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 90 (3): 1001–10027. doi:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
    51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue. Command of foreign languages". pub.stat.ee.
    52. ↑ "RLV431: POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE AND SEX (1979, 1989, 2000, 2011, 2021)". PX-Web. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
    53. ↑ "Population census. More people speak dialects than in the previous census | Statistikaamet". www.stat.ee. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
    54. ↑ "POPULATION, 31. DECEMBER 2011 by Religion, Place of residence and Sex". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
    55. ↑ "PHC 2011: over a quarter of the population are affiliated with a particular religion". Statistics Estonia. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
    56. ↑ Biotechnology report 2010 Archived December 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine p.383
    57. ↑ Crabtree, Steve; Pelham, Brett (February 9, 2009). "What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common". Gallup. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
    58. ↑ Ahto Kaasik. "Old estonian religions". Maavalla Koda. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
    59. ↑ Barry, Ellen (2008-11-09). "Some Estonians return to pre-Christian animist traditions". The New York Times.

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