Foreign relations of Iceland
Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with the King of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined the League of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated with Denmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an embassy in Copenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940[1] when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States.[2] Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946.[1] Iceland was a founding member of the World Bank in 1946 and NATO in 1949.[1] In terms of European integration, Iceland was a founding member of the OEEC (now OECD) in 1948 and the Nordic Council in 1952, it joined EFTA in 1970, was a founding member of the CSCE (now OSCE) in 1973 and the EEA in 1992 and joined Schengen in 2001.[3]
From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland.[4] During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally."[2] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War.[2] As a consequence, the United States provided Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support.[2] Iceland hosted the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.
Fishing rights
[edit]Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-called Cod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km).[5][6] Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.
Whaling
[edit]Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006.[7] 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.[8]
Recognition of post-Soviet states
[edit]Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia.[9] Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991.[10] Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011.[11] Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.[citation needed]
Membership in international organizations
[edit]Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission.
Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.[12] Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.[13]
In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.[14]
International disputes
[edit]Rockall
[edit]Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).[15] Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim,[16] while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland.[17] Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.[citation needed]
Deposit insurance
[edit]Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.
European Union application
[edit]Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.[18][19]
However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011.[20] After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland.[21] Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.[22]
In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.[23]
Agreed Minute
[edit]The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.
NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Bilateral relations
[edit]Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.[13]
Africa
[edit]| Country | Diplomatic Relations Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso | 2001 |
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Kenya | 2001 | |
| File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi | 1989 |
|
| File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania | 2004 | |
| File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone | 2006 | |
| File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda | 2004 |
Americas
[edit]| Country | Diplomatic Relations Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Canada |
1947 | See Canada–Iceland relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Dominica | 2004 | |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 24 March 1964 | See Iceland–Mexico relations
|
| File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay | 2004 |
|
| File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 27 May 2004 | |
| File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2004 |
Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.[55] |
 United States |
1 July 1941 | See Iceland–United States relations
Iceland and the U.S. are NATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland. |
Asia
[edit]| Country | Diplomatic Relations Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 China |
1971 | See China–Iceland relations
|
 India |
1972 | See Iceland–India relations
|
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 1948 | |
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | May 1948 | See Iceland–Israel relations |
 Japan |
8 December 1956 | See Iceland–Japan relations
|
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 1976 |
Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.[64] |
| File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine | 2011 | See Iceland–Palestine relations
On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders. Iceland was the first (and, until 2024, only) Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.[65] |
| File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | 24 February 1999 | See Iceland–Philippines relations
Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík[66] and Makati, Metro Manila,[67] respectively. |
 South Korea |
10 October 1962[68] | See Iceland–South Korea relations
|
Europe
[edit]| Country | Diplomatic Relations Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | 1976 | See Albania–Iceland relations
|
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | 1928 |
|
 Belgium |
1945 | |
| File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus | 1979 |
|
 Czech Republic |
1993-01-01 | See Czech Republic–Iceland relations |
 Denmark |
1918 | See Denmark–Iceland relations
Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence.
|
 Estonia |
30 January 1922 | See Estonia–Iceland relations
|
 Finland |
1947 | See Finland–Iceland relations
|
 France |
1945 | See France–Iceland relations |
 Germany |
1952 | See Germany–Iceland relations
|
 Greece |
1958 | See Greece–Iceland relations |
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | 1955 |
Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[85]
|
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | 11 March 1948 | See Iceland–Ireland relations
|
 Italy |
1945 |
|
 Latvia |
1991-08-22 | See Iceland–Latvia relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Lithuania | 1991-08-05 | See Iceland–Lithuania relations
|
 Netherlands |
1946 |
|
| File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia | 1993 |
|
 Norway |
1940 | See Iceland–Norway relations |
 Poland |
January 1946 | See Iceland–Poland relations |
 Russia |
1943 | See Iceland–Russia relations
|
| File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 2000 | |
 Spain |
1949 | See Iceland–Spain relations |
 Sweden |
1940 | See Iceland–Sweden relations |
 Switzerland |
1947 |
|
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1957 | See Iceland–Turkey relations |
 Ukraine |
1992 | See Iceland–Ukraine relations |
 United Kingdom |
1940 | See Iceland–United Kingdom relations
Iceland established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940.[24]
The UK occupied Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.[119] The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the Rockall Bank. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[120] Council of Europe, Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a free trade agreement.[121] |
Oceania
[edit]| Country | Diplomatic Relations Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 17 April 1984 | See Australia–Iceland relations
|
| File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | 1988 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "80th anniversary of the Icelandic Foreign Service". government.is. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ingimundarson, Valur (2011). The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945-2006. Republic of Letters. ISBN 9789089790699.
- ↑ History of the Schengen Agreement - Schengen Visa Information
- ↑ Petursson, Gustav; Winger, Gregory (24 February 2016). "Return to Keflavik Station". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ↑ GuÐmundsson, GuÐmundur J. (1 June 2006). "The Cod and the Cold War". Scandinavian Journal of History. 31 (2): 97–118. doi:10.1080/03468750600604184. ISSN 0346-8755. S2CID 143956818.
- ↑ Steinsson, Sverrir (22 March 2016). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis". European Security. 25 (2): 256–275. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376. ISSN 0966-2839. S2CID 155242560.
- ↑ "Iceland resumes commercial whaling". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
- ↑ "Iceland rapped over whale hunting". BBC. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- ↑ "Vlada Crne Gore". gov.me.
- ↑ "Važniji datumi iz povijesti saborovanja". Hrvatski Sabor. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ↑ "Iceland recognises Palestinian state". The Guardian. Associated Press. 30 November 2011. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ↑ Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2016). Fyrstu forsetarnir.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Thorhallsson, Baldur, ed. (2018). "Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs". Routledge. pp. 108–113.
- ↑ Woods, Ngaire; Lombardi, Domenico (2006). "Uneven patterns of governance: how developing countries are represented in the IMF". Review of International Political Economy. 13 (3): 480–515. doi:10.1080/09692290600769351. ISSN 0969-2290. S2CID 154895221.
- ↑ Ross, John (27 September 2007). "Why a barren rock in the Atlantic is the focus of an international battle of wills". The Scotsman. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ↑ Regulation 196/1985. (in Icelandic)
- ↑ Source: Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
- ↑ Iceland, European Commission
- ↑ Iceland, EEAS
- ↑ Timeline of events – Iceland's application for membership of the EU Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
- ↑ National Referendum – Iceland's application for membership of the EU Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
- ↑ "Iceland: EU membership depends on fishery 'superpowers'". 27 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Iceland drops EU membership bid: 'interests better served outside' union". The Guardian. AFP. 12 March 2015.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ↑ Israel Digest, A Bi-weekly Summary of News from Israel · Volume 2. Israel Office of Information (New York, N.Y.). 1951. p. 5.
- ↑ Memoria (in Spanish). Argentina Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1952. p. 210.
- ↑ Anais da Câmara dos Deputados (12) (in Portuguese). Brazil, Congresso Nacional. Câmara dos Deputados. 1952. p. 206.
- ↑ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
- ↑ Diplomatic Corps and Consular, Trade, and Other Foreign Representatives in Pakistan. 1981. p. 32.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit (in Icelandic). pp. 1064–1066.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Halldór Ásgrímsson (2000). "Ljósmyndasýning í tilefni af 60 ára afmæli utanríkisþjónustunnar 10. apríl 2000" (PDF) (in Icelandic). p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ↑ Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit (in Icelandic). p. 1080.
- ↑ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ↑ "Lista tratatelor bilaterale încheiate de către Republica Moldova" (PDF). mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). p. 99. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
- ↑ "Úr dagskrá 2000" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ↑ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ↑ "Um sendiskrifstofu" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ↑ "Sendiskrifstofur opnaðar í Úganda og Malaví" (in Icelandic). 22 June 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ↑ "Diplomatic relations established between Iceland and Democratic Republic of Congo". Iceland Review. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Diplomatic And Consular List". Ministry For Foreign Affairs Of Iceland, Department Of Protocol. Reykjavík. December 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ↑ "Embassy Information". www.government.is. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
- ↑ "Home". Malawi High Commission UK. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
- ↑ "Máritanía".
- ↑ "Embassy Information". www.government.is. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
- ↑ "Embassy Information". www.government.is. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
- ↑ "Embassy of Canada". 24 November 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Canada – Ottawa". The Icelandic Foreign Services. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy". iceland.is. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
- ↑ "Iceland and Dominica to cooperate on geothermal energy" (Press release). Iceland Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 "United States – Washington DC > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "BIENVENIDOS". Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ "Úrúgvæ".
- ↑ "Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Embapar Reino Unido". Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Register (2)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Regional Integration. Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 "About the Mission". Permanent Mission of Iceland to the UN. Government of Iceland.
- ↑ "Home – Embassy of the United States Reykjavík, Iceland". Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Iceland and China Enter a Free Trade Agreement 15 April 2013 New York Times
- ↑ "A new honorary consul in Hong Kong". Embassy of Iceland. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013.
- ↑ Akkrediteringsland Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Iceland.is
- ↑ "بروز خطا در صفحه". Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ↑ "Government Offices of Iceland – Government.is". mfa.is.
- ↑ "Embassy of Israel in Norway". embassies.gov.il.
- ↑ "English > Japan > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan)". Pid.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ↑ "Ísland viðurkennir sjálfstæði Palestínu". Utanríkisráðuneyti. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Contact Us". Embassy of the Philippines, Oslo. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ↑ "Listi yfir alla kjörræðismenn Íslands" (PDF). Utanríkisráðuneytið Íslands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iceland. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ↑ "Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries" Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea
- ↑ "Government of Iceland | 404". www.government.is.
- ↑ "Bilateral Relations | Albanian Embassy in Sweden". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ↑ "Albanía". www.government.is. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ↑ "Nýtt sendiráð opnað í Vín". www.mbl.is (in Icelandic).
- ↑ "Addresses of Belgian Embassies and Consulates abroad". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Belgium > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations".
- ↑ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Foreign Diplomatic Missions in Cyprus – International Organizations".
- ↑ "Danmark i Island". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "English > Denmark > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Suomen suurlähetystö, Reykjavík". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Ambassade de France en Islande – Franska sendiráðið á Íslandi". Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "English > France > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "English > Germany > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Deutsche Botschaft Reykjavík – Startseite". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Home | Embassy of Hungary . Oslo".
- ↑ "United Kingdom > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Department of Foreign Affairs. "Denmark – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Embassy of Iceland in Italy
- ↑ "Ambasciata d'Italia – Oslo". amboslo.esteri.it.
- ↑ "unhchr.ch". unhchr.ch.
- ↑ "English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Dizaino Kryptis. "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija – Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Population by sex, municipality and citizenship 1 January 1998-2019". Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ↑ "Iceland - netherlandsandyou.nl". 3 November 2016.
- ↑ "San Marínó".
- ↑ "Iceland".
- ↑ "Diplomatic And Consular List" (PDF). Ministry For Foreign Affairs Of Iceland, Department Of Protocol. Reykjavík. December 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ↑ "Министерство за надворешни работи". Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ↑ "Norway > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Norge – det offisielle nettstedet på Island". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Embassy of Iceland in Warsaw
- ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Reykjavik". reykjavik.msz.gov.pl.
- ↑ "English > Russia > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Iceland Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
- ↑ "Iceland seeks Russian comfort". The Moscow News. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
Russia received a similar official request late on Tuesday and the country's Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin was quoted by Interfax as saying: "We will consider it. Iceland has a reputation for strict budget discipline and has a high credit rating. We're looking favorably at the request." Negotiations on the loan are supposed to start on October 14.
- ↑ Mason, Rowena (7 October 2008). "Iceland nationalises bank and seeks Russian loan". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
Prime Minister Geir Haarde rushed emergency measures through the Nordic nation's parliament to nationalise Landsbanki and give the country's largest bank, Kaupthing, a £400m loan to bolster its balance sheet.
- ↑ "Iceland suspends embassy operations in Moscow". government.is. Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ↑ "Iceland". mfa.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ Embassy of Iceland in Madrid
- ↑ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 4, pp. 138–140.
- ↑ "Sweden > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Reykjavik – SwedenAbroad". Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ↑ "Embassy of Iceland in Warsaw". Retrieved 6 May 2024.
- ↑ "Посольство України в Фінляндській Республіці та Республіці Iсландія (за сумісництвом)". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy of Iceland in London". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ↑ "British Embassy Reykjavik". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ↑ "Fact File : Britain Garrisons Iceland". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ↑ Politi, James (19 September 2023). "US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ↑ Jayawardena, Ranil (8 July 2021). "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ↑ Embassies New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Further reading
[edit]- Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.
- Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.
- Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945–2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
External links
[edit]- Icelandic Foreign Service Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
- (in Icelandic) Historical overview by Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland
- (in Icelandic) The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)
- (in Icelandic) Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics Archived 3 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Foreign representations in Iceland
- Canadian Embassy in Iceland
- United States Embassy in Reykjavík Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Template:Foreign relations of Iceland Template:Foreign relations of Europe
- Articles with Icelandic-language sources (is)
- CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
- CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
- CS1 Icelandic-language sources (is)
- CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)
- CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)
- CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
- Use dmy dates from April 2019
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
- Foreign relations of Iceland