Foreign relations of Madagascar

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Template:Politics of Madagascar Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

Regional relations

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Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, the African Union, although its membership is suspended due to a coup[1], the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madagascar was admitted to the Southern African Development Community in 2004.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Madagascar maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Madagascar.svg
# Country Date
1  France 25 June 1960[2]
2  India 25 June 1960[3]
3  United States 25 June 1960[4]
4 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 26 June 1960[5]
5  United Kingdom 27 June 1960[6]
6 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 1 July 1960[7]
7  Japan 5 July 1960[8]
8 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 20 September 1960[9]
9 Error creating thumbnail:  Portugal 20 September 1960[10]
10 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway 27 October 1960[11]
11 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 16 March 1961[12]
12  Italy 30 May 1961[13]
14   Switzerland 13 June 1961[14]
15 Error creating thumbnail:  Sweden 17 August 1961[15]
14 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 26 September 1961[16]
16  South Korea 25 June 1962[17]
17 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 16 August 1962[18]
18 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 30 January 1963[19]
19 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 15 June 1964[20]
20  Belgium 15 July 1964[21]
21 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 1964[22]
22  Canada 7 January 1965[23]
23  Spain 25 March 1966[24]
24  Sierra Leone 5 November 1966[25]
—   Holy See 24 December 1966[26]
25 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 13 January 1967[27]
26 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 1967[28]
27  Mauritius 27 August 1968[29]
28  Romania 10 September 1968[30]
29  Tunisia 12 March 1969[31]
30 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 23 February 1970[32]
31 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 4 June 1971[33]
32 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 24 June 1971[34]
33 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 7 December 1971[35]
34 Error creating thumbnail:  Chile 23 December 1971[36]
35 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 29 September 1972[37]
36  China 6 November 1972[38]
37 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 16 November 1972[39]
38  Vietnam 19 December 1972[40]
39 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 28 June 1973[41]
40 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 13 September 1973[42]
41  Poland 28 November 1973[43]
42 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 6 December 1973[44]
43 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya 9 February 1974[45]
44  Cuba 11 April 1974[46]
45 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo 26 July 1974[47]
46  Australia 22 August 1974[48]
47  Indonesia 13 December 1974[49]
48 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 9 August 1975[50]
49  Hungary 1 December 1975[51]
50 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 26 December 1975[52]
51  Iraq 26 March 1976[53]
52  Albania 28 April 1976[54]
53 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 5 May 1976[55]
54 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 15 June 1976[56]
55 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 12 November 1976[57]
56  Finland 1 June 1977[58]
57 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 31 December 1977[58]
58  Mongolia 11 May 1979[58]
59 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos 27 February 1980[58]
60 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 19 October 1981[59]
61 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 13 July 1983[60]
62 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 26 October 1984[58]
63  Seychelles 12 April 1989[61]
64  Singapore 31 January 1990[62]
65  Thailand 30 November 1990[58]
— File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1990[63]
66 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1992[64]
67 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[65]
68 Error creating thumbnail:  Estonia 13 April 1992[66]
69 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei 20 October 1992[58]
70 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 26 May 1993[67]
71 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 28 May 1993[68]
72  Ukraine 10 June 1993[69]
73 Error creating thumbnail:  Tajikistan 12 June 1993[70]
74 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 17 June 1993[71]
75 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 25 June 1993[72]
76 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 27 January 1994[73]
77  Morocco 15 April 1994[74]
78  Malaysia 6 April 1995[58]
79  Colombia 15 June 1995[58]
80 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 1 December 1995[75]
81 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 16 February 1996[76]
82  Brazil 7 October 1996[58]
83  Cambodia 25 March 1997[58]
84 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 13 August 1999[77]
85  Argentina 20 July 2001[58]
86  Sri Lanka 27 July 2001[78]
87  Senegal 12 August 2002[79][80]
88 File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 18 October 2002[58]
89 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 14 October 2002[80]
90 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 1 August 2003[80]
91 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 9 October 2003[80]
92  Gambia 20 July 2004[81][80]
93  Cyprus 3 March 2005[82]
94 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 13 July 2005[83]
95 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana August 2005[84]
96 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 22 September 2006[58]
97 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 27 September 2006[85]
98 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 5 October 2006[58]
99 File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 24 May 2007[58]
100 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 29 August 2007[86]
101 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 29 May 2008[87]
102  Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008[88]
103 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 17 November 2008[58]
104  Republic of the Congo 17 September 2014[89]
105  Togo 24 March 2015[90]
106 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 15 April 2015[91]
107 File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 21 October 2015[92][93]
108 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 11 November 2015[94]
109 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 13 January 2016[95]
110 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman 29 June 2016[58]
111 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 22 September 2016[58]
112  Lebanon 5 May 2017[96]
113 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 12 April 2017[97]
114 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 19 September 2017[98]
115 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 17 January 2018[99]
116 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 25 September 2018[58]
117 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 26 September 2018[58]
118 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 26 September 2018[58]
119 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 4 March 2020[100]
120 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 11 December 2020[101]
121  Malta 22 September 2021[58]
122 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 24 September 2021[58]
123 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 23 September 2022[58]
124 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 23 September 2022[58]
125 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 1 February 2023[58]
126  Ireland 6 March 2024[102]
127 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 8 July 2024[103]
128 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 30 July 2024[104]
129  Ghana 24 September 2024[105]
130 Error creating thumbnail:  Burundi 26 September 2024[106]
131 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 4 February 2025[107]
132  New Zealand 17 September 2025[108]
133 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 31 March 2026[109]
134 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 7 April 2026[110]
135 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Unknown
136 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Unknown
137 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Unknown
138 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Unknown
139 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Unknown

Bilateral relations

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International agencies being present in the country allows to react quickly to emergencies such as a food crisis.[111]

Africa

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Mauritius 27 August 1968 See Madagascar–Mauritius relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1968[112]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 27 January 1994 See Madagascar–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1994.[113] South Africa and Madagascar share maritime borders with each other.

File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 29 January 1978[116]
  • Madagascar maintained diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 29 January 1978 to 6 April 2005.[117][118]

Americas

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Canada 7 January 1965 See Canada–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965[119]

  • Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[120]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[121]
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 26 December 1975[122]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[123]
  • Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[124]
 United States 26 June 1960[125] See Madagascar–United States relations

Relations between the United States and Madagascar date to the middle 19th century. The two countries concluded a commercial convention in 1867 and a treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce in 1881. Traditionally warm relations suffered considerably during the 1970s, when Madagascar expelled the U.S. ambassador, the USA closed a NASA tracking station, allied with the USSR, and nationalized two U.S. oil companies. In 1980, relations at the ambassadorial level were restored.

Throughout the troubled period, commercial and cultural relations remained active. In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993. Recent U.S. assistance has contributed to a population census and family planning programs; conservation of Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity, private sector development, agriculture, democracy and governance initiatives; and media training. Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006. The Ravalomanana government is especially positive about ties with the United States.

Template:StateDept[128][129]

Asia

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China 6 November 1972 See China-Madagascar relations

China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1972.[130]

 India 27 June 1960 See India–Madagascar relations

India has had maritime links with Madagascar for several centuries.[133] India opened a consulate general in Antananarivo in 1954. Upon Madagascar gaining independence in 1960, it was upgraded to an embassy.[133] There are about 20,000 persons of Indian origin in Madagascar, including approximately 2,500 Indian passport holders.[134]

 Indonesia 13 December 1974[137] See Indonesia–Madagascar relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Indonesia.
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 30 January 1963 See Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Madagascar is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[138]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.[138]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Malagasy exports/imports: 5.2/71.3 million USD).[138]

Europe

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[139] and an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[140]
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Cyprus.
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 1964[22]
  • Denmark is represented in Madagascar, through its embassy in Pretoria.[141]
  • Denmark have a consulate in Antananarivo.[141]
 France 25 June 1960 See France–Madagascar relations

both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1960.

File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 26 June 1960 See Germany–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1960[144]

  • Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin.
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[145]
  • Greece is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[146]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[146]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 29 September 1972 See Madagascar–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1972.[147]

During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position.[148]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Moscow.[149]
  • Russia has an embassy in Antananarivo.[150]
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 9 December 1969

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1969.[151]

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between the two countries.[152]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Serbia is accredited to Madagascar from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
 United Kingdom 1960 See Madagascar–United Kingdom relations
File:Communiqué signing (23116010876).jpg
Malagasy President Hery Rajaonarimampianina with British Foreign Office Minister James Duddridge in London, November 2015.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 June 1960.[6]

  • Madagascar maintains an embassy in London.[153]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Madagascar through its embassy in Antananarivo.[154]

The UK administered Madagascar from 1942 to 1943, when Madagascar was transferred to France.

Both countries share common membership of the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[155] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[156]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "African Union suspends Madagascar as military leader set to be sworn in as president". The Guardian. 2025-10-15. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
  2. ↑ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "Dr. L. Subramaniam and Kavita Krishnamurti perform in Madagascar to mark 62 years of India-Madagascar diplomatic relations". Embassy of India, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  4. ↑ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  5. ↑ "Madagaskar: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "An Anglo-Malagasy chronology". The Anglo-Malagasy Society. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  7. ↑ Israel Government Year-book. Government Printer. 1960. p. 222.
  8. ↑ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  9. ↑ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  10. ↑ "Madagáscar - Titulares". Portal Diplomático (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  11. ↑ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  12. ↑ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1960. p. 103.
  13. ↑ Europe, France outremer, Issues 371-381. 1961. p. 42.
  14. ↑ "Madagascar et la Suisse fêtent aujourd'hui 60 ans de relations bilatérales le 13 juin 1961" (in French). 13 June 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  15. ↑ "Svenska Dagbladet". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 17 August 1961. p. 7. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  16. ↑ Bulletin de Madagascar, Volume 185 (in French). 1961. 26 septembre 1961 - Remise de lettres de créance par M. l'Ambassadeur de Grèce , Vassili D. Lappas...
  17. ↑ "Overview (MFA Republic of Korea)".
  18. ↑ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 40. A Tananarive. Deux nouveaux ambassadeurs ont présente leurs lettres de créance ... et Sultan Abdul Aziz Khan , ambassadeur du Pakistan , résidant à Khartoum .
  19. ↑ Madagascar renouveau Issues 2-6 (in French). Ministère de l'information, de l'animation idéologique et des relations avec les institutions, Direction de la presse et des publications, Service de production. 1977. p. 12. Pays avec lesquels la République Démocratique de Madagascar entretient des relations diplomatiques ... Turquie 30 Janvier 1963
  20. ↑ Pr. Borsali Fewzi. "Culture du dialogue : Algérie –Afrique sub-saharienne 1962-1988" (in French). p. 40. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  21. ↑ Belgisch staatsblad, issues 128–148 (in Dutch and French). 1964. p. 7781.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Danemark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  23. ↑ A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations, 1925-1983. Canadian Library Association, 1985. p. 35.
  24. ↑ "MADAGASCAR FICHA PAIS" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  25. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 657.
  26. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See".
  27. ↑ "Bulletin de documentation_1967_4" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 26. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  28. ↑ "Madagascar". Austrian Embassy Pretoria. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  29. ↑ "Historical links between Mauritius and Madagascar". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  30. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  31. ↑ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1969. p. 104.
  32. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3269-3342. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 8.
  33. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1623.
  34. ↑ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1971. p. 12.
  35. ↑ "Malagasy: Chief Jonathan Of Lesotho Arrives For Official Visit. 1971". British Pathé. 8 December 1971. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  36. ↑ Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África (in Spanish)
  37. ↑ "50 years of Russia-Madagascar bilateral relations". MFA Russia. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  38. ↑ "Madagascar -- china.org.cn". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  39. ↑ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  40. ↑ "Republic of Madagascar". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  41. ↑ "Malagasy Republic: Visiting Tanzanian Foreign Minister Signs Diplomatic, Economic And Cultural Agreements.1973". British Pathé. 30 June 1973. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  42. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin - Page 2984. Blackwell. 1973.
  43. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Poland and Republic of Madagascar were established".
  44. ↑ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics, Volume 1. Research and Publishing House., 1973. p. 226.
  45. ↑ ARR: Arab Report and Record - Page 31. Economic Features, Limited. 1974.
  46. ↑ "MEMORIA ANUAL 2015. Page 22 (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  47. ↑ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1497-1511. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 36. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  48. ↑ "Vol. 45 No. 8 (August 1974)". Trove. p. 565. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  49. ↑ "Hubungan Indonesia Madagaskar" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  50. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 216.
  51. ↑ Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv, 1975 (in Hungarian). p. 47. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  52. ↑ "NOMBRAMIENTOS DIPLOMATICOS DE RECIENTE INGRESO AL SENADO DE LA REPUBLICA EN AFRICA, EL CARIBE Y EUROPA" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 9.
  53. ↑ Current Background, Issues 1045-1048. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1976. p. 60.
  54. ↑ Current Background Issues 1045-1048. American Consulate General. 1976. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  55. ↑ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  56. ↑ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  57. ↑ "Madagascar: Comores-Madagascar - Réunion d'une commission mixte avant-hier". allAfrica (in French). 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  58. ↑ 58.00 58.01 58.02 58.03 58.04 58.05 58.06 58.07 58.08 58.09 58.10 58.11 58.12 58.13 58.14 58.15 58.16 58.17 58.18 58.19 58.20 58.21 58.22 58.23 58.24 58.25 58.26 "Diplomatic relations between Madagascar and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  59. ↑ Le Mois en Afrique - Issues 186-193 - Page 155. 1981.
  60. ↑ "Iran, Madagascar express readiness to establish joint commission". Islamic Republic News Agency. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  61. ↑ Newsom, David D. (2019). The Diplomatic Record 1989-1990. Routledge. The Republic of Seychelles established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
  62. ↑ "Milestones of Singapore's External Relations August 1965-May 2005. Page 448". doi:10.1142/9789812567628_bmatter (inactive 12 July 2025).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  63. ↑ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  64. ↑ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  65. ↑ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан (MFA Kazakhstan) (in Russian)". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020.
  66. ↑ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia (MFA Estonia in Estonian)".
  67. ↑ "Madaqaskar". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  68. ↑ "26 июня: этот день в истории". 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  69. ↑ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  70. ↑ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-23. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  71. ↑ "Lista tratatelor bilaterale încheiate de către Republica Moldova" (PDF). mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). p. 137. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  72. ↑ "Madagascar - Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  73. ↑ "BILATERAL AGREEMENTS SIGNED BY SOUTH AFRICA AS ON 25 JUNE 2020". Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  74. ↑ Revue de l'océan Indien Madagascar - Issues 130-137 - Page 64. Communication et médias océan Indien. 1994.
  75. ↑ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".
  76. ↑ "Madagaskar: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  77. ↑ "Etat des Relations". Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti (in French). Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  78. ↑ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Sri Lanka)". Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  79. ↑ "Midi de Madagascar 13/08/02: Deux rescapés". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 "AFRIQUE - MADAGASCAR Présentation des lettres de créance". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  81. ↑ "27/07/2004 Présentation des lettres de créances à la Gambie". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  82. ↑ "Ο Πρέσβης κ. Κώστας Λεοντίου επέδωσε τα διαπιστευτήρια του στον Πρόεδρο της Μαδαγασκάρης". cyprusdigitallibrary.org.cy (in Greek). 3 March 2005. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  83. ↑ Diplomatic List. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. 2009. p. 2.
  84. ↑ "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île". newsmada.com (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  85. ↑ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  86. ↑ "Hoy cumplimos 18 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Madgascar" (in Spanish). 29 August 2025. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
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  89. ↑ "Manque de confiance des bailleurs de fonds : Déblocage incertain des financements europeens". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 18 September 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  90. ↑ "Quatre nouveaux Ambassadeurs reçus par Madame le Ministre Béatrice Atallah le 24 mars 2015" (in French). 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
  91. ↑ "Diplomatie : Les ambassadeurs belge et soudanais à Iavoloha". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 16 April 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  92. ↑ "Revue de la Présidence de la République de Madagascar - Octobre 2015". presidence.gov.mg (in French). 30 June 2016. p. 19. Archived from the original on 13 April 2025. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  93. ↑ "Lettres de creances: les nouveaux ambassadeurs du Mexique, dela Colombie, du Swaziland, et du Venezuela a Iavoloha". presidence.gov.mg (in French). 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
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  95. ↑ "Iavoloha : Trois ambassadeurs chez Hery Rajaonarimampianina". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 14 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  96. ↑ "عون:استقبل وزيرة خارجيّة مدغشقر ووفوداً". iss-foundation.com (in Arabic). 5 May 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  97. ↑ "Le Président de la République reçoit les lettres de créances des nouveaux ambassadeurs de l'Erythrée et de la Slovaquie". alwihdainfo.com (in French). 12 April 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  98. ↑ Kryptis, Dizaino. "Lithuania establishes diplomatic relations with Madagascar (MFA Lithuania)". Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  99. ↑ "Iavoloha : Valse diplomatique hier". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 18 January 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
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  101. ↑ "Cérémonie des remises des lettres de créances de SEM Olivier Rija RAJOHNSON au Prince souverain S.A.S ALBERT II de Monaco".
  102. ↑ "Présentation des lettres de créance des nouveaux ambassadeurs du Zimbabwe, du Brésil et de l'Irlande". presidence.gov.mg (in French). 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  103. ↑ "L'Angola et Madagascar ont échangé lundi, à Antananarivo, des notes pour établir des relations diplomatiques, ainsi qu'une déclaration commune" (in French). 9 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  104. ↑ "Madagascar's President Andry Rajoelina visit to Guinea-Bissau". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  105. ↑ "My counterpart from Madagascar, Hon. Rasata Rafaravavitafika (MP), and I took a significant step towards building a stronger relationship between our two countries, by signing a Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Ghana and Madagascar". 24 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  106. ↑ "... Ambassadeur Albert SHINGIRO et le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Madagascar Son Excellence Madame Rasata Rafaravavitafika ont signé un communiqué conjoint sur l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre la République du Burundi et la République de Madagascar" (in French). 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  107. ↑ "Joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the government of the Republic of Madagascar and the government of the Republic of the Philippines". Supreme Court E-Library. 4 February 2025. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  108. ↑ "Honoured to hand over the signed original of the Memorandum of Understanding Establishing Diplomatic Relations between New Zealand and Madagascar..." 17 September 2025. Retrieved 17 September 2025.
  109. ↑ "Guinea Ecuatorial y Madagascar firman acuerdos para establecer relaciones diplomáticas y fortalecer su cooperación". Revista Real Equatorial Guinea (in Spanish). 1 April 2026. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
  110. ↑ "Relations diplomatiques entre Madagascar et la Guinée" (in French). 8 April 2026. Retrieved 12 April 2026. Cela devrait se traduire par l'établissement officiel des relations diplomatiques, ainsi que par la signature d’accords bilatéraux.
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  123. ↑ Embassy of Madagascar in the United States
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  145. ↑ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 64. Le gouvernement grec a donné son agrément à la nomination de M. Pierre Razafy Andriamihaingo en qualité d'ambassadeur de la République Malgache à Athènes. M. Razafy Andriamihaingo est déjà ambassadeur à Londres . Une ambassade de Grèce existe à Tananarive et son titulaire est également ambassadeur à Pretoria.
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