Foreign relations of Malawi

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Template:Politics of Malawi Malawi's former President Bakili Muluzi continued the pro-Western foreign policy established by his predecessor, Hastings Banda. It maintains excellent diplomatic relations with principal Western countries. Malawi's close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era strained its relations with other African nations. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, Malawi developed, and currently maintains, strong diplomatic relations with all African countries.

Bilateral donors

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Important bilateral donors include Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Republic of China (Taiwan), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Multilateral donors include the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the United Nations organizations.

SADC

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Malawi assumed the chair of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in 2001. Muluzi took an active role in SADC on issues such as the global coalition against terrorism and land reform in Zimbabwe.

ACP

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Malawi has been a member of the ACP group since Lomé I and is also a party to the Cotonou Agreement, the partnership agreement between the European Community/European Union and 77 states from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific.

Memberships in international organizations

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Malawi is a member of the following international organizations: the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations and some of its specialized and related agencies (i.e. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Berne Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity (OAU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Lomé Convention, African Development Bank (AFDB), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Malawi is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Malawi maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Malawi.svg
# Country Date
1   United Kingdom 6 July 1964[1]
2   France 6 July 1964[2]
3   Germany 6 July 1964[3]
4   United States 6 July 1964[4]
5 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 8 July 1964[5]
6   Israel 15 July 1964[6]
7 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 30 July 1964[7]
8   India 19 October 1964[8]
9 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 25 November 1964[9]
10   Norway 9 March 1965[10]
11   South Korea 9 March 1965[11]
12   Portugal 27 May 1965[8]
13 Error creating thumbnail:  Kenya 28 September 1965[12]
14 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 2 December 1965[13]
15   Netherlands 16 December 1965[14]
16 Error creating thumbnail:  Pakistan 1965[15]
17   Belgium 28 January 1966[16]
— File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg  Holy See 5 February 1966[17]
18   Denmark 22 February 1966[18]
19   Sweden 31 March 1966[19]
20    Switzerland 19 May 1966[8]
21   Japan 17 June 1966[8]
22   Italy 20 September 1966[8]
23 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 1 July 1967[20]
24   South Africa 10 September 1967[21]
25 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 4 August 1969[22]
26   Nigeria 29 November 1969[23]
27   Greece 30 April 1970[24]
28 Error creating thumbnail:  Zambia 15 September 1970[25]
29 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 5 April 1971[26]
30   Spain 27 October 1972[27]
31   Canada 12 February 1974[28]
32 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 10 September 1974[29]
33 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 4 September 1976[30]
34 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 28 October 1980[31]
35 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo November 1980[32][33]
36 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 19 June 1981[34]
37 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 1 July 1981[35]
38 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 17 July 1981[35]
39 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 1981[36]
40 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 25 June 1982[37]
41 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 1 July 1983[38]
42 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 16 May 1985[39]
43 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 11 July 1985[40]
44 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 15 July 1985[41]
45   Finland 1 May 1986[35]
46   Thailand 1 June 1987[42]
47 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 21 March 1990[43]
48 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 23 August 1990[44]
49 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 30 November 1990[45]
50 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 26 December 1990[46]
51   Czech Republic 20 March 1991[47]
52   Malaysia 6 November 1991[48]
53   Poland 10 July 1992[49]
54   Russia 2 November 1993[35]
55 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola 9 November 1993[35]
56   Slovakia 30 December 1993[50]
57 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 23 November 1994[35]
58 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 19 June 1995[51]
59 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 12 June 1996[52]
60 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 10 December 1997[53]
61 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 13 February 1998[54]
62 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya 15 February 1998[55]
63 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 20 February 1998[35]
64 Error creating thumbnail:  Colombia 30 March 1998[35]
65 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 21 April 1998[35]
66 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 9 June 1998[35]
67 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 14 August 1998[56]
68 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 24 August 1998[35]
69   Latvia 10 September 1998[35]
— File:Flag of Palestine.svg State of Palestine 23 October 1998[57]
70 Error creating thumbnail:  Croatia 13 November 1998[35]
71 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 10 December 1998[35]
72   Ukraine 22 December 1998[35]
73 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 11 March 1999[35]
74 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 23 June 1999[35]
75   Saudi Arabia 15 August 1999[58]
76   North Macedonia 27 September 1999[35]
77 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica 30 September 1999[59]
78 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 12 April 2000[60]
79 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 22 June 2000[35]
80 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei 11 October 2000[61]
81 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 31 January 2001[62]
82 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 9 February 2001[35]
83   Philippines 3 May 2001[35]
84 File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg Seychelles 22 May 2001[35]
85 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 26 June 2001[63]
86 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 13 July 2001[35]
— File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled) 24 March 2002[64][65]
87 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 2002[66]
88   Azerbaijan 21 May 2004[35]
89 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 31 January 2007[67]
90   China 28 December 2007[68]
91 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 26 February 2009[69]
92 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 9 June 2011[70]
93 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 25 June 2011[71]
94   Estonia 19 July 2011[72]
95 Error creating thumbnail:  Cambodia 20 July 2011[35]
96 Error creating thumbnail:  Malta 21 July 2011[73]
97 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 21 July 2011[74]
98 Error creating thumbnail:  Montenegro 16 September 2011[35]
99   Georgia 19 September 2011[35]
100 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 26 September 2011[35]
101 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 October 2011[35]
102 Error creating thumbnail:  Lithuania 18 November 2011[75]
103 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 21 December 2011[35]
104 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 2011[76]
105   Armenia 20 January 2012[35]
106 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar 30 January 2012[77]
107 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 15 March 2012[78]
108 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 31 July 2012[79]
109 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 26 September 2012[80]
110 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 20 March 2013[81]
111   Indonesia 29 September 2014[82]
112 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 8 March 2016[83][84]
113 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 8 March 2016[83][84]
114 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 9 March 2016[85]
115 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi 4 April 2016[86]
— File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 20 July 2016[87]
116 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman 7 December 2016[35]
117 Error creating thumbnail:  Tunisia 3 May 2017[88]
118 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 20 July 2017[89]
119   Lebanon 18 October 2017[90]
120 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin 19 February 2019[91]
121 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 19 September 2019[92]
122 Error creating thumbnail:  Kyrgyzstan 22 September 2022[93]
123 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 24 September 2022[35]
124 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 25 September 2022[94]
125 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 7 October 2022[95]
126 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo 18 October 2022[96]
127 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 18 October 2022[97][98]
128 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 16 February 2023[35]
129 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 2 August 2023[99]
130 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 1 November 2023[35]
131 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 8 December 2023[35]
132 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 27 June 2024[100]
133 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 23 September 2024[35]
134 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 22 October 2024[101]
135 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad 26 November 2024[102]
136 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 3 July 2025[103]
137   Eswatini Unknown
138 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Unknown
139   Peru Unknown[104]

Bilateral Relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 1 July 1983
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 1 July 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1967 when first High Commissioner of Botswana Mr. H. Mannathoko presented his credentials to President of Malawi.[20]

Both countries are full members of the Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations and of the Non-Aligned Movement.

  Canada 12 February 1974
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1974[28]
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  China 28 December 2007

Hastings Banda recognized the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the People's Republic of China.[1] Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China.[106] Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.[107]

  Greece 30 April 1970
  India 19 October 1964 See India–Malawi relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964 when has been accredited Acting High Commissioner of India to Malawi Mr. Dileep S. Kamtekar.[8]

  Israel 15 July 1964 See Israel–Malawi relations
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 10 December 1998
  • Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[109]
  • Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[110]
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 1 July 1981 See Malawi–Mozambique relations

Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from Mozambique. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations.

  Philippines 3 May 2001

Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines.

As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.[111]

  Poland 10 July 1992 See Malawi–Poland relations
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 26 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2012 when Ambassador of Malawi to Qatar (resident in Kuwait City) Mr. Yunis Abdul Karim has presented his credentials.[80]
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 26 June 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2001 when accredited first Ambassador of Rwanda to Malawi (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Zephyr Mutanguha[63]

In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees.

  South Africa 10 September 1967 See Malawi–South Africa relations

The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by dictator Hastings Banda, Malawi was the only African country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of Nelson Mandela. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy"[112] From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant laborers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. Officially, this was because 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years, but many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of laborers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.[112]

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[113]

  South Korea 9 March 1965

In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.[114]

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 4 August 1969
  • Embassy of Malawi in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[115]
  • Turkish Embassy in Lusaka is accredited to Malawi.[115]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).[115]
  Ukraine 22 December 1998 See Malawi–Ukraine relations
  United Kingdom 6 July 1964[failed verification] See Malawi–United Kingdom relations

Malawi established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 July 1964.[8][failed verification]

The UK governed Malawi from 1893 until 1964, when Malawi gained full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[118] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[119]

Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid,[120] citing concerns over governance and human rights.

  United States 6 July 1964 See Malawi–United States relations
See also: Cochrane-Dyet 2011 Cable Controversy

The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi.

In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during the July protests.[121]

File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 17 July 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1981 when has been appointed first High Commissioner of Malawi to Zimbabwe Mr. M. A. Banda and open High Commission of Malawi in Harare.[122]

Malawi and the Commonwealth of Nations

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Malawi became a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, was Queen of Malawi, represented by the Governor-General of Malawi, until the country became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1966, when the then Prime Minister of Malawi, Hastings Banda, declared himself the first President of Malawi.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Diplomatic and Consular List Issue 3. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs. 1967. p. 1. 6-7-1964 H.E. Mr. D. L. Cole, C.M.G., M.C. British High Commissioner (Doyen)
  2. ↑ "Malawi - France Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malawi. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "Verzeichnis der Vertretungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Ausland sowie der Honorarkonsulinnen und Honorarkonsuln" (PDF). auswaertiges-amt.de (in German). p. 76. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  4. ↑ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Malawi". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 156.
  6. ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 137-138. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 14.
  7. ↑ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts no.151-152. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1964. p. 13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Diplomatic and Consular List Issue 3. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs. 1967. p. 1.
  9. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
  10. ↑ "Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  11. ↑ "Malawi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  12. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 160.
  13. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 435.
  14. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 161.
  15. ↑ "Malawi and Pakistan enjoy cordial relation based on common interests and mutual respect since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1965". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malawi is on Facebook. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 22-41 (in French and Dutch). 1966. p. 1043.
  17. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  18. ↑ "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1967" (PDF). SLÆGTSFORSKERNES BIBLIOTEK (in Danish). p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  19. ↑ "33 årig ambassadör hit från Malawi". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 29 September 1966. pp. A12. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Report. Malawi. Police Force. 1968. p. 2.
  21. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 166.
  22. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
  23. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 171.
  24. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3343-3419. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 6.
  25. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970.
  26. ↑ This is Malaŵi, 1-2. Malawi. Department of Information, Malawi. Department of Information and Touris. 1971. p. 5.
  27. ↑ "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Español" (in Spanish). p. 307. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 International Perspectives. Canada. Department of External Affairs, Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. 1974. p. 77.
  29. ↑ West Africa - Issues 2976-3001. Afrimedia International. 1974. p. 1087.
  30. ↑ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4150.
  31. ↑ "Bulletin de documentation_1980_5" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  32. ↑ Quarterly Economic Review of Zimbabwe, Malawi. Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. 1980. p. 15.
  33. ↑ Standard Chartered Review. Standard Chartered Bank. 1981. p. 7.
  34. ↑ Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve. Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 186.
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 35.18 35.19 35.20 35.21 35.22 35.23 35.24 35.25 35.26 35.27 35.28 35.29 35.30 35.31 35.32 35.33 35.34 35.35 35.36 "Diplomatic relations between Malawi and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  36. ↑ Diplomatic List in Uganda and Other Representatives as at ... Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981. p. 71.
  37. ↑ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  38. ↑ Australian Representation Overseas. Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 54 No. 7 (July 1983) National Library of Australia (Trove). p. 376. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  39. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 188.
  40. ↑ Daily Report: Eastern Europe. Index, Volume 7. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 7.
  41. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  42. ↑ "สาธารณรัฐมาลาวี (Malawi)". mfa.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  43. ↑ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 302.
  44. ↑ Resenha de política exterior do Brasil - Issues 64-69 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 1990. p. 99.
  45. ↑ Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1990. p. 97.
  46. ↑ Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1990 (in Hungarian). 1990. p. 85. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  47. ↑ Daily News and Press Survey. Czechoslovak News Agency. 1991. p. 11.
  48. ↑ Foreign Affairs Malaysia Volume 24. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1991. p. 109.
  49. ↑ "Malawi". gov.pl. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  50. ↑ "Malawi: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  51. ↑ "Chronologies: Dans Monde Arabe 1995/3 (N°149)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 84. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  52. ↑ "Malawi - UAE Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malawi. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "De Camino al Día de Africa: Relaciones Cuba-Malawi". misiones.cubaminrex.cu (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  54. ↑ "Malawi". mfa.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  55. ↑ Moni. 36. Popular Publications Office. 1999. p. 4.
  56. ↑ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  57. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Palestine and Malawi". Arabic News. 23 October 1998. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  58. ↑ "اليوم في التاريخ 15 أغسطس". alyaum.com (in Arabic). 15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  59. ↑ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". mfaft.gov.jm. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  60. ↑ Diplomatic and Consular Directory - Issue 33. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs, Malawi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. June 2002. p. 17. 12-4-2000 H.E. Mr. Abdalla K. Bashir Ambassador of Sudan
  61. ↑ Southeast Asian Affairs 2001. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003. ISBN 9789814517119. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  62. ↑ "Bilateral relations between Morocco and Malawi". Embassy of Morocco in South Africa. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Diplomatic and Consular Directory, Issue 33. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs, Malawi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 2002. p. 18.
  64. ↑ "La RASD et le Malawi établissent des relations diplomatiques". Sahrawi Press Service (in French). 25 March 2002. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  65. ↑ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2002. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  66. ↑ Diplomatic and Consular Directory Issue 33. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs, Malawi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 2002. p. 189.
  67. ↑ "Hoy extendemos un saludo al Gobierno y Pueblo de Malaui al celebrar 14 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  68. ↑ "Chinese Ambassador H.E. Long Zhou: "Strive for New Glory of China-Malawi Relations"". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Malawi. 29 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  69. ↑ "Three Ambassadors to Present Credentials to President Sirleaf on Thursday". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Liberia. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  70. ↑ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". mfa.gov.lk. p. 3. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  71. ↑ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). foreignaffairs.gov.fj. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  72. ↑ "Estonia, Malawi Establish Diplomatic Relations". news.err.ee. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  73. ↑ "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Malta and Malawi" (PDF). Permanent Mission of Malta to the United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
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  122. ↑ Staff List - Part 2. Malawi. Government Printer. 1983. p. 190.

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