Foreign relations of Norway
The foreign relations of Norway are based on the country's membership in NATO and within the workings of the United Nations (UN). Additionally, despite not being a member of the European Union (EU), Norway takes a part in the integration of EU through its membership in the European Economic Area. Norway's foreign ministry includes both the minister of foreign affairs and minister of international development.
History
[edit]The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established on the same day that Norway declared the dissolution of the union with Sweden: June 7, 1905. Although diplomats could not present credentials to foreign governments until the Swedish king formally renounced his right to the Norwegian throne, a number of unofficial representatives worked on the provisional government's behalf until the first Norwegian ambassador, Hjalmar Christian Hauge, sought accreditation by the United States Secretary of State Elihu Root on November 6, 1905.
The initial purposes of the newly formed Foreign Ministry were to represent Norway's interests through diplomatic channels, and to provide consular services for Norwegian shipping and commerce overseas. In 1906, the Storting decided to establish six embassies in Europe, with two more in the Americas: one in the United States and one in Argentina. 20 consular offices were also opened.
During World War I, the foreign ministry was confronted with unprecedented challenges in maintaining neutrality for Norway, in particular in order to protect its merchant fleet.
In 1922, the ministry was consolidated and reorganised to ensure fuller cooperation between the diplomatic and consular branches. The reorganization included the formation of a designated career path for diplomats that included completion of a university entrance examination and professional experience from international trade. The economic hardship of the times forced austerity measures at the ministry for the next several years.
When Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940, the government fled to the United Kingdom and reconstituted in exile in Bracknell, outside London. Kingston House in London was later used. The government moved back to Norway following the peace in 1945.
After the end of World War II, Norway was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations, the latter having Norwegian Trygve Lie as inaugural Secretary-General. Norway was also part of the first slate of non-permanent members to the United Nations Security Council.[1]
Elements of policy
[edit]Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has developed a model to foreign policy known as the "Norwegian model," the goal of which is to contribute to peace and stability through coordinated response among governmental and non-governmental Norwegian organizations; acting as an honest broker in international conflicts; an informal network of Norwegian individuals with access and credibility among parties; and the willingness to take the long view in international issues.
The post-war foreign policy of Norway can be described along four dimensions:
Strategic alliances
[edit]Norway's strategic importance for waging war in the North Atlantic became important in the failed neutrality policy of World War II. Norway became a founding member of NATO in order to ally itself with countries that shared its democratic values. Both through diplomatic and military cooperation, Norway has played a visible role in the formation and operations of NATO. It allowed a limited number of military bases and exercises to be based in its territories, which caused some controversy when NATO decided to put forward bases in Northern Norway in preparation for a conflict with the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
International cooperation
[edit]Norway supports international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes, recognizing the need for maintaining a strong national defence through collective security. Accordingly, the cornerstones of Norwegian policy are active membership in NATO and support for the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Norway also pursues a policy of economic, social, and cultural cooperation with other Nordic countries—Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland—through the Nordic Council. Its relations with Iceland are very close due to the cultural bond the two nations share. Norway ended a 2-year term on the UN Security Council in January 2003, and chaired the Iraq Sanctions Committee.
Norway, along with Iceland and the Faroe Islands, is not a member of the European Union, Template:Clarify span.[2] Membership of the EU has been proposed within Norway, and referendums over Norwegian membership were held in 1972 and 1994.[3] Popular opinion was split between rural and urban areas. See Norway and the European Union. The present government is not planning to raise the possibility for future membership.
Norway also has a history of co-operation and friendship with the United Kingdom and Scotland, due to their shared cultural heritage since Viking times. The Vikings conquered areas including the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland for several hundred years. Norway is only 300 kilometres (159 Nautical miles) east of Unst, the northernmost island of Shetland. The Norwegian embassy to the United Kingdom is located in London, and Norway also maintains a Consulate General in Edinburgh. A Norway Spruce is given by the city of Oslo and presented to London as a Christmas tree for display in Trafalgar Square as a token of gratitude for the UK's support during World War II. King Haakon, his son Crown Prince Olav and the country's government lived in exile in London throughout the war. As part of the tradition, the Lord Mayor of Westminster visits Oslo in the late autumn to take part in the felling of the tree, and the Mayor of Oslo then goes to London to light the tree at the Christmas ceremony.
On 25 April 2022, Norwegian foreign minister visited Bangladesh as part of her two-day trip in order to broaden economic partnership through trade, investment and maritime sector cooperation.[4]
International mediation and nation building
[edit]Norway has played an active role as a third party mediator in a number of international conflicts. The late foreign minister Johan Jørgen Holst was instrumental in forging the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO. Thorvald Stoltenberg was part of the unsuccessful mediation team in seeking an end to the war in Bosnia. Norway has contributed both mediation services and financial assistance in Guatemala.
As of 2005, Norwegian diplomats are acting as mediators in Sudan, Bosnia, Sri Lanka, and Colombia. Some of those countries accuse Norway of supporting and propping up separatist groups. Israel is often bitter with harsh criticisms from Norwegian politicians. The spat was at its highest when finance minister Kristin Halvorsen supported boycott of Israeli goods.[5] in early 2006. Finance ministry spokesman, Runar Malkenes, told BBC News that "there are no moves to push for a boycott of Israeli goods" at government level.[6] Eritrea has been actively supported by Norway during its liberation from Ethiopia.[7] As of recent, Ethiopia expelled six Norwegian diplomats due to Norway's alleged support to 'Terrorist group and Eritrea'.[8] Norway retaliated by cutting aid to Ethiopia.
After the Al-Qaeda attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, NATO launched a military invasion to overthrow Al-Qaeda and its Taliban sponsors. Norway was one of 51 donors providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. Norway had charge of Faryab Province. The Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team had the mission of effecting security, good governance and economic development, 2005–2012. But the results were dubious and frustration continued until the U.S. and all other countries finally decided to withdraw by 2021. [9]
International disputes
[edit]Territorial claims in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island) are only recognized by Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
Status-seeking
[edit]A number of scholars have argued that Norway has through its foreign policy engaged in status-seeking.[10][11] Through an activist foreign policy, Norway has sought to elevate its standing among the international system's small powers and middle powers, and earn recognition from the great powers.[10][11]
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Norway maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Multilateral
[edit]| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union | See Norway–European Union relations | |
| Template:Country data NATO | See Norway–NATO relations |
Africa
[edit]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | See Kenya–Norway relations
| |
| File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan | See Norway–Sudan relations
|
Americas
[edit]Asia
[edit]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan | See Afghanistan–Norway relations | |
 Armenia |
| |
 China |
October 5, 1954 | See China–Norway relations |
| File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia |
| |
 India |
1947 | See India–Norway relations |
 Indonesia |
See Indonesia–Norway relations
| |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran |
| |
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | See Israel–Norway relations
Norway was one of the first countries to recognize Israel on February 4, 1949. Both countries established diplomatic relation later that year.
| |
 Japan |
1905 | See Japan–Norway relations
|
 Malaysia |
1957 | See Malaysia–Norway relations
|
| File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia | January 11, 1968 | See Mongolia–Norway relations
|
| File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal | January 26, 1973 | See Nepal–Norway relations
Diplomatic relations were established on January 26, 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[61] In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[62] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[63] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[64][65]
|
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 1947 | See Norway-Pakistan relations |
| File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine |
A Palestinian representation in Oslo has had status of "general delegation". In December 2010 during a visit to Norway Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad announced that this mission would be upgraded to a diplomatic mission. This will take effect early in 2011. With the rank of ambassador its head will have the title "head of the Palestinian mission". Norway thus becomes the fourth European country to take similar steps, following Spain, France and Portugal. The upgrade does not constitute recognition of a Palestinian state by Norway, however.[66] | |
| File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | March 2, 1948 | See Norway–Philippines relations
Relations between the Philippines and Norway were established on March 2, 1948, the Philippines has an embassy in Oslo while Norway has an embassy in Manila. Norway is also involved in the peace process in the Philippines related to Moro and Communist insurgencies and is also a member country of the International Monitoring Team for the GPH-MILF Peace Process. Norway is also the third country facilitator for the GPH-CPP–NPA–NDF Peace Process. Trade between the Philippines and Norway amounted up to $73 million.[67][68][69]
|
 Saudi Arabia |
See Norway–Saudi Arabia relations | |
 South Korea |
March 2, 1959[70] | See Norway-South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Kongeriket Noreg and the Republic of Korea began on March 2, 1959.
|
| File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria | See Norway–Syria relations
In March 2012 the Norwegian Foreign Ministry announced that the Norwegian embassy in Damascus will be temporarily closed, mainly due to the deteriorating security situation in the country, however Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre also emphasized the closing being a political signal. One Norwegian diplomat will remain, stationed at the Danish embassy.[74] | |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | See Norway–Turkey relations
|
Europe
[edit]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria |
| |
| Error creating thumbnail: Croatia | 1992 | See Croatia–Norway relations
|
| File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus | See Cyprus–Norway relations
Diplomatic relations were established on March 22, 1963.[75] The government in Cyprus considers that "bilateral relations between Cyprus and Norway are excellent in all fields".[76] Neither country has resident ambassadors. Cyprus is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden and 2 honorary consulates, one in Oslo and the second in Kristiansand. Norway is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Athens, Greece and an honorary consulate in Nicosia.[77] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.[76] On August 21, 1951, there was a Consular Convention and an Exchange of Letters relating to establishing diplomatic relations. On May 2, 1951, there was a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income. On May 17, 1962, there was an Exchange of Letters constituting an Agreement on the Abolition of Visa Requirement in Nicosia. On March 5, 1963, there was an Agreement on Commercial Scheduled Air Transport signed in London.[78] Norway provides direct funding to the Cypriot Government and also to local authorities, NGOs and educational institutions through EEA and Norway Grants.[79] The NGO Fund in Cyprus is co-financed by the European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. It was established in 2004.[80] In 2006, Norway increased its commitment to offer a total contribution of 4.66 million euros.[80] In 2007 a delegation from the EEA and Norway Grants went to Cyprus to "monitor the spending of Norwegian funds given to Cyprus as part of the European Economic Area."[81] In 2008 Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre traveled to Cyprus to meet President Demetris Christofias. They met to discuss Norway's assistance to the Cypriot village of Salamiou, in Paphos. The Norwegians plan to rebuild an old elementary school in the village. It will then become a Regional Centre for Environmental Education at the cost of €735,000.[82] The taxation levels in Cyprus are considerably lower than in Norway, and Cyprus has actively courted Norwegians to move to Cyprus.[83] Among the Norwegians who moved to Cyprus is the shipping billionaire John Fredriksen, who was the richest man in Norway.[84][85][86] In 1996 tax rules in Norway were changed to keep shipping companies competitive and under the Norwegian flag. By 2008 changes to the tonnage tax regime to harmonize them with the European Union forced some companies to register in Cyprus.[87] Norwegian Service rig company Prosafe moved their headquarters to Cyprus.[88] Several Norwegian retirees also moved to Cyprus; this too is largely to benefit from the lower tax rate on Cyprus and the minimal crime.[89] The Norwegian colony on Cyprus is in Paphos.[89]
| |
 Denmark |
See Denmark–Norway relations
Both countries have a very long history together, both countries were part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523. Norway was in Union with Denmark between 1537 and 1814. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norway's independence. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There are around 15,000 Norwegian people living in Denmark and around 20,000 Danish people living in Norway.[92]
| |
| File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia |
| |
| File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union | See Norway–European Union relations
Norway is part of the EU market via the European Economic Area and the Schengen Area. | |
| File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | See Finland–Norway relations
| |
 France |
1905 | See France–Norway relations
|
 Germany |
See Germany–Norway relations
| |
 Greece |
See Greece–Norway relations
| |
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | 1920 | |
| File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland | See Iceland–Norway relations
In 2007, the two countries signed a defense agreement, covering surveillance and military defense of Icelandic air space and economic zone. It means that Norwegian jet fighters and surveillance aircraft will be patrolling Icelandic air space. It is underlined that the agreement with Norway only covers peacetime. In case of a military conflict it is still NATO and the United States Government that will carry the main responsibility for Iceland's defense.[102] The agreement was signed following the decision to pullout US military from the Keflavík naval air base.[103]
| |
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland |
| |
 Italy |
| |
| File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo | See Kosovo–Norway relations
Norway recognized Kosovo on March 28, 2008.[108] Norway has an embassy in Pristina, while Kosovo has hinted that it will include Norway in the second wave of embassy openings. | |
| File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco | ||
 Netherlands |
| |
| File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | See Norway–Poland relations
| |
| File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | April 3, 1917 | See Norway–Romania relations
|
 Russia |
October 30, 1905 | See Norway–Russia relations
|
| File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | See Norway–Serbia relations
| |
 Spain |
See Norway–Spain relations
| |
| Error creating thumbnail: Sweden | 1905 | See Norway-Sweden relations
Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1905, after the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905.
|
| File:Flag of Switzerland.svg Switzerland | See Norway-Switzerland relations | |
| File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine | 1992 | See Norway–Ukraine relations
|
 United Kingdom |
1905 | See Norway–United Kingdom relations
Norway established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 November 1905.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[125] the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, the Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Free Trade Agreement,[126] a Green Partnership,[127] and a Strategic Partnership Agreement.[128] |
.jpg){kind=link}
Oceania
[edit]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 1905 | See Australia–Norway relations
The bilateral countries between Australia and Norway were established diplomatic relations in 1905, following the Norway's independence since 1814.
|
| File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | 1905 | See New Zealand–Norway relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norway's independence. There are approximately 1,400 Norwegians living in New Zealand and 409 New Zealanders living in Norway.[129] Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[130] New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry in Oslo over Norway's plans to increase its whaling activities.[131] In 2004, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark became as the first Prime Minister to ever visits Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting of whales.[132]
|
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (June 11, 2015), "1. The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN", The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, pp. 8–25, doi:10.1093/actrade/9780190222703.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-022270-3, retrieved January 29, 2022
- ↑ Bergmann, Eirikur (2014). Iceland and the International Financial Crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑ "Historical overview - Norway and the EU". July 12, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ Report, Star Digital (April 25, 2022). "Norway seeks to expand cooperation in offshore renewable energy, investment in Bangladesh". The Daily Star. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ↑ "USA threats after boycott support". Aftenposten. December 12, 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ↑ "Norway split over Israel boycott". BBC News. January 5, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ↑ "Norwegian Assistance to Eritrea". Norway – the official site in Eritrea. January 28, 2005. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ↑ "Ethiopia: Norway supports 'terrorists' in Africa". Aftenposten. September 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ↑ Mats Berdal, and Astri Suhrke, "A Good Ally: Norway and International Statebuilding in Afghanistan, 2001-2014." Journal of Strategic Studies 41.1-2 (2018): 61-88. online
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Small State Status Seeking: Norway's Quest for International Standing (e-Book) - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wohlforth, William C.; Carvalho, Benjamin de; Leira, Halvard; Neumann, Iver B. (2017). "Moral authority and status in International Relations: Good states and the social dimension of status seeking". Review of International Studies. 44 (3): 526–546. doi:10.1017/S0260210517000560. hdl:11250/2477311. ISSN 0260-2105.
- ↑ Government.no (April 27, 1999). "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑ "Oversikt over norske ambassader, konsulater, interessekontorer mm i årene 1906- 2001" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959 (PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. p. 188.
- ↑ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ↑ "Norway – China 55-year friendship". Norway.cn. October 30, 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Norway's Embassy Transfer To Taliban Raises Mental Health Concerns For Afghan Refugees". Afghanistan International. March 24, 2025. Retrieved June 6, 2025.
- ↑ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
- ↑ "Diplomatic relations - Belize" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- ↑ "New Norwegian Ambassador to Seychelles accredited". October 11, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ↑ Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ↑ "Akkreditierung von Botschaftern". Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (in German). January 10, 1992. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Diplomatic relations between Norway and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Register (3)". 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ↑ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ↑ "Norway Embassy in Eritrea Closed". Tesfa News. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 27, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Oversikt over norske ambassader, konsulater, interessekontorer mm i årene 1906- 2001" (PDF) (in Norwegian). p. 37. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ↑ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved December 15, 2021.
- ↑ "Norway Ambassador Designate Visit". November 11, 1998. Retrieved November 23, 2025.
- ↑ "President Kun receives Ambassador Riise of Norway" (PDF). May 19, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
- ↑ "Dominica Welcomes New Ambassador From Kingdom of Norway". Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ↑ "Minister of Foreign Affairs paid an official visit to Timor-Leste". May 22, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Embetsutnemningar m.m. 1. juli 2004 – 30. juni 2005" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). p. 55. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ↑ "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ↑ "Offisielt frå statsrådet 30. mars 2007" (in Norwegian). March 30, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
- ↑ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ↑ "Norway and Tuvalu establish diplomatic relations". May 6, 2010. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Remise des lettres de créance de S.E. M. Tarald O. Brautaset" (in French). February 8, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Norway". Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ↑ "Statsnavn og hovedsteder - P" (in Norwegian). April 28, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ↑ "Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations".
- ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Vanuatu and Norway". June 2, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ↑ "Son Excellence Madame Elisabeth JACOBSEN, nouvelle Ambassadrice du Royaume de Norvège en Union des Comores". Facebook (in French). June 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ↑ "Presentation of credentials – Kingdom of Norway". March 8, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
- ↑ "KIRIBATI ESTABLISHES DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY". August 20, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ↑ @NorwayMFA (April 24, 2025). "Today, we mark the establishment of diplomatic relations between #Norway and the State of #Palestine. Congratulations to the newly appointed Palestinian ambassador@marie_sedinon the presentation of her credentials to His Majesty King Harald" (Tweet). Retrieved January 6, 2026 – via Twitter.
- ↑ "Agreement Norway - Belize". February 2011.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Canada". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy of Canada to Norway". September 9, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in the United States". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Home – Embassy of the United States Oslo, Norway". Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in China". Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ Embassy of Norway in India
- ↑ Consulate Generals of Norway in India
- ↑ "Indian Embassy in Oslo". Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Israel". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Israels ambassade i Norge". Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "The Norway Portal - Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ↑ Nepal’s Prime Minister visits Norway Archived September 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine April 10, 2009
- ↑ "Nepali PM to leave for Europe _English_Xinhua". Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Politics/Nation". The Times of India. May 17, 2008.
- ↑ "Nepal travel advice". Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ↑ Medzini, Ronen (December 17, 2010). "Norway upgrades Palestinian mission". Ynetnews. AP. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ↑ "Breaking News | Sun.Star". SunStar. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway.ph".
- ↑ "Philippines - Norway Relations". Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
- ↑ "South Korea".
- ↑ "Honorary Consulate in Busan".
- ↑ "주 노르웨이 대한민국 대사관". Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ↑ Zondag, Martin Herman Wiedswang (March 26, 2012). "– Indirekte er ambassadestenging et politisk signal" [– In an indirect manner, closing embassy is a political signal] (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Norway" (PDF). Cyprus. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Cyprus – Norway Bilateral Relations". Embassy of Cyprus in Sweden. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ↑ "Consulates in Greece and Cyprus". Norway. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
There are several Norwegian Honorary Consulates in Greece, and one in Nicosia, Cyprus.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Norway" (PDF). Cyprus. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ↑ "Norwegian partners get valuable insight in Cyprus". Royal Norwegian Embassy in Athens. 2008. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 "NGO Fund Launch Event". The Fund for Non Governmental Organisations in Cyprus. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ↑ "Norway allocates 4.7 million euro to Cyprus". Cyprus News Agency. November 13, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
A delegation of the Norwegian EEA Financial Mechanism is on the island to monitor the spending of Norwegian funds given to Cyprus as part of the European Economic Area Agreement. A meeting on this issue was held at the Planning Bureau between the Norwegian delegation and a Cypriot...
- ↑ "Norway's FM visits to inaugurate environmental project". Cyprus Mail. June 29, 2008. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ↑ "Kypros jakter på rike nordmenn". Dagsavisen (in Norwegian). May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Det ble i går kjent at skipsreder John Fredriksen tidligere Norges rikeste mann har gitt opp sitt norske pass og blitt kypriot. Fredriksen kom dermed kypriotene i forkjøpet.
- ↑ "Norway's richest man no longer". Aftenposten. May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ↑ "Skatteflyktet til Kypros". Ukeavisenledelse (in Norwegian). August 23, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
Norges rikeste mann, god for minst 33 milliarder kroner, John Fredriksen (61), har gitt opp sitt norske statsborgerskap og allerede fått innvilget kypriotisk – av skattemessige årsaker.
- ↑ "Fredriksen blir kypriot". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). May 10, 2006. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ↑ "Norway's Whilhelmsen moving shipping unit to Malta". Reuters. June 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
The changes were aimed at making Norwegian shipping rules more like those in the European Union, but industry groups have said the move might force some to register in tax havens such as Bermuda or Cyprus.
- ↑ "Rømmer norsk utbytteskatt". E24 Næringsliv (in Norwegian). February 9, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Norske pensjonister: Flytter til 8% skatt på Kypros". VG Nett. December 4, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Low taxation, low living costs and summery winter temperature limits more and more Norwegians to settle on the Mediterranean island. Now we have established a Norwegian "colony" in Paphos in Cyprus similar seen in Spain.
- ↑ "Embassy of Cyprus in Stockholm". Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 "Norway – the official site in Greece". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Utenlandske statsborgere – SSB". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Danmark i Norge". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norge – det offisielle norske nettsted i Danmark". Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Estemb in Oslo". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norra – ametlik kodulehekülg Eestis". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Suomen suurlähetystö, Oslo". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norja – virallinen sivusto Suomessa". Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Greece in Norway – Hellenic Republic – Greece in the World". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Oslo". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ↑ "Norvégia – hivatalos honlapja Magyarországon". Norvegia.hu. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway, Iceland to sign defense agreement". People's Daily Online. Xinhua. April 25, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ↑ "Norway, Iceland to boost defence cooperation". Reuters. April 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
Norway and Iceland will sign an agreement on Thursday to step up defence cooperation to improve the Atlantic island nation's security following the U.S. withdrawal from the Keflavik naval air base, officials said on Tuesday.
- ↑ "Norge – det offisielle nettstedet på Island". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Ireland". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Department of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway recognises Kosovo as an independent state". March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ↑ Utenriksdepartementet (February 14, 2020). "Utestasjoner med sideakkreditering". Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ↑ "Ambassaden og konsulatene". Norgesportalen (in Norwegian). Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ↑ "Norvège / Tous les Pays / Relations bilatérales / La Diplomatie et la Présence Internationale / Monaco à l'International / Action Gouvernementale / Portail du Gouvernement - Monaco". www.gouv.mc. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ↑ Embassy of Norway in Bucharest (in English and Norwegian)
- ↑ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Regatul Norvegiei". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norwegian embassy in Moscow". Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Russia". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ Embassy of Russia in Oslo (in English, Norwegian and Russian) Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Serbia". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Kingdom of Norway". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norge – det offisielle nettstedet i Sverige". Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Oslo – SwedenAbroad". Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Ukraine". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Embassy of Ukraine to the Kingdom of Norway". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway in the United Kingdom". Norway in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑ "British Embassy Oslo". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ↑ Politi, James (September 19, 2023). "US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact". Financial Times. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ↑ Department for International Trade; Jayawardena, Ranil (July 8, 2021). "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK (Press release). Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ↑ Norway in the United Kingdom (October 20, 2023). "Norway enters into green partnership with the UK". Norway in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑ Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street; Starmer, Keir (December 16, 2024). "PM meeting with Prime Minister Støre of Norway: 16 December 2024". GOV.UK (Press release). Archived from the original on December 16, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ↑ "Table 5 Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2009". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Building a bridge to Norway". The New Zealand Herald. May 22, 2000. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ↑ "Xinhua – English". Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Whaling issue splits Norway and New Zealand in official visit". Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "What the Embassy does - About the Embassy - Netherlands - NZEmbassy.com". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ↑ "Norway – the official site in Australia". Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Further reading
[edit]- Berg, Roald. "Norway’s Foreign Politics during the Union with Sweden, 1814-1905: A Reconsideration." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31.1 (2020): 1-21. online Argues Norwegians did have a voice in foreign affairs.
- Danielsen, Helge. "Military Assistance, Foreign Policy, and National Security: The Objectives of US Military Assistance to Norway, 1950–1965." Scandinavian Journal of History 45.1 (2020): 71–94.
- Frankel, Joseph. "Comparing Foreign Policies: The Case of Norway." International Affairs 44.3 (1968): 482–493.
- German, Robert K. "Norway and the bear: Soviet coercive diplomacy and Norwegian security policy." International Security 7.2 (1982): 55-82 online.
- Holst, Johan Jørgen, ed. Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (Oxford UP, 1985).
- Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 15.3-4 (1990): 269–278.
- Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 4.2 (2006): 187–209.
- Lundestad, Geir. "The evolution of Norwegian security policy: Alliance with the West and reassurance in the East." Scandinavian Journal of History 17.2-3 (1992): 227–256.
- Lundestad, Geir. America, Scandinavia and the Cold War, 1945-1949 (1980),
- Padelford, Norman J. "Regional cooperation in Scandinavia." International Organization 11.4 (1957): 597–614; relations with Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland, 1920–1955. online
- Pisarska, Katarzyna. "Peace Diplomacy and the Domestic Dimension of Norwegian Foreign Policy: The Insider's Accounts." Scandinavian Political Studies 38.2 (2015): 198–215.
- Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed. Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1985): 12–26.
- Salmon, Patrick. Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890-1940 (2002) excerpt
- Salmon, Patrick. "How to write international history: Reflections on Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie." Diplomacy and Statecraft 9.1 (1998): 208–223.
External links
[edit]- Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
- History of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norwegian)
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