Foreign relations of Panama
Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.
Diplomatic relations
[edit | edit source]List of countries which Panama maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Bilateral relations
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Canada |
11 August 1961[1] | See Canada–Panama relations |
 China |
2 January 1909[1] | See China–Panama relations and Panama–Taiwan relations.
Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and retained diplomatic ties with the ROC until 2017. According to diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks, in 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC).[34] This was rejected by the PRC, which did not want to disrupt its improving diplomatic relations with the ROC during the ROC Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou.[34] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).[35] |
| File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | 1 March 1908[1] |
|
 Colombia |
9 July 1924 | See Colombia–Panama relations
|
 Costa Rica |
29 December 1903 | See Costa Rica–Panama relations |
 India |
1 June 1962[1] | See India–Panama relations
Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[38] |
| File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo | 27 August 2013[42] |
Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[43] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[44] Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[45] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships. |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 29 May 1923[1] | See Mexico–Panama relations
|
 Peru |
2 March 1908 |
|
 Russia |
21 November 1903[1] | See Panama–Russia relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 1 June 1979[1] | See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations
Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[50] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.[51] |
| File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2006[1] |
|
| File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 1953[1] | |
 South Africa |
1995[1] | |
 South Korea |
30 September 1962[1] | See Panama–South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962. |
 Spain |
10 May 1904[1] | See Panama–Spain relations |
 Thailand |
20 August 1982 | |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 21 September 1950 | See Panama–Turkey relations |
 United Kingdom |
9 April 1908 | See Panama–United Kingdom relations
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 April 1908.
Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–United Kingdom Association Agreement.[65] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[66] and an Investment Agreement.[67] |
 United States |
13 November 1903 3 April 1964[1] |
See Panama–United States relations
The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.
|
 Uruguay |
28 October 1904 | See Panama–Uruguay relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Venezuela | 1717
Severed Relations in 2024 |
See Panama–Venezuela relations |
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Script error: No such module "cite".
- ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
- ↑ "Cancillería conmemora los 120 años de relaciones diplomáticas entre Panamá y Perú". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 18 December 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "パナマ共和国（Republic of Panama）". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ↑ "Panama suspends diplomatic relations with Venezuela pending election review". 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ "Viceministra Otero participó en la inauguración de la exposición «México y Panamá: dos istmos, dos aliados y dos historias compartidas"". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 14 May 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "México y Panamá conmemoran 120 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Canciller Tewaney participó en el acto conmemorativo de los 201 años de independencia de Brasil". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 8 September 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
- ↑ "88 años de relaciones diplomáticas entre Guatemala y Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 17 August 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Bolivia y Panamá celebran 79 años de relaciones diplomáticas". cancilleria.gob.bo (in Spanish). 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "FICHA PAÍS: ISRAEL" (PDF). intelcom.gob.pa (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Canciller Henriquez recibe a embajador del Estado de Israel". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 6 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Conmemoramos el 74 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre la República de Panamá y la República de Türkiye". Embajada de Panamá en Turquía on Facebook (in Spanish). 21 September 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Canciller Tewaney participó en la apertura de la Embajada de Grecia en Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 31 January 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ↑ "Trabajando junto de cara al 55 aniversario del establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas y consulares entre la República de Panamá y Jamaica ..." Embajada de Panama Jamaica Kingston (in Spanish). 11 June 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Ministro Encargado recibe al Encargado de Negocios de la Embajada de Libia". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 9 September 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Comunicado De Suspensión De Relaciones Diplomáticas Con La República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". MIRE-Panamá (in Spanish). 21 November 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ↑ "Panamá profundiza vínculos con Barbados para reforzar relación comercial". elcapitalfinanciero.com (in Spanish). 3 April 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
- ↑ Near East/South Asia Report Issue 84116. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1984. p. 65.
[ Dhaka THE BANGLADESH OBSERVER in English 6 Jun 84 p 1 ] TIES WITH PANAMA -- The Government of Bangladesh and the Government of Panama have decided to establish diplomatic relations between them at the level of ambassador from today ...
- ↑ "Panamá y Camerún conmemoran hoy el inicio de sus relaciones diplomáticas desde 1984". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 14 August 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ↑ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ↑ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ↑ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ↑ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ↑ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- ↑ "En el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, me reuní con mi homólogo de Uganda, Jeje Odongo, para el establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre nuestras naciones" (in Spanish). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ↑ "THE COOK ISLANDS FORMALISE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PANAMA". 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑ "Panama and Somalia Forge New Diplomatic Ties at UN Security Council Meeting". 20 January 2025. Archived from the original on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
- ↑ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
- ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
- ↑ Xin, Qiang (2024). "Selective Engagement: Mainland China's Dual-Track Taiwan Policy". In Zhao, Suisheng (ed.). The Taiwan Question in Xi Jinping's Era: Beijing's Evolving Taiwan Policy and Taiwan's Internal and External Dynamics. London and New York: Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 9781032861661.
- ↑ Embassy of Chile in Panama City
- ↑ Embassy of Panama in Santiago de Chile
- ↑ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ↑ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
- ↑ "Indian mission in Panama".
- ↑ "Panama Embassy in India".
- ↑ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ↑ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
- ↑ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
- ↑ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ↑ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ↑ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish)
- ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ↑ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ↑ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "Panama". Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 "Panama (Republic of)".
- ↑ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
- ↑ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관". Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ↑ "Korea-Panama Relations".
- ↑ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ↑ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
- ↑ "British Embassy Panama City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ↑ Foreign and Commonwealth Office (18 July 2019). "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
- ↑ Embassy of Panama in Washington, D.C.
- ↑ Embassy of the United States in Panama City
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
- Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
- Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
- Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.
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