Foreign relations of Romania
Template:Politics of Romania The foreign relations of Romania is the policy arm of the Government of Romania which guides its interactions with other nations, their citizens and foreign organizations, as well as its status as a member of the European Union, NATO and other international organizations Romania is part of.
Previously a totalitarian state that has faced a revolution and changed its regime at the end of the Cold War, Romania transitioned to a foreign policy centered on Euro-Atlantic integration. Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and the European Union on January 1, 2007, which inadvertently led to positive relations with countries affiliated with those blocks and diminishing of relations with former communist allies such as North Korea, China, Russia or states from the Middle East.
Romania is often classified as a middle power given its strategic geographic position, economic growth capabilities and participation in multilateral institutions that shape geopolitical outcomes of major importance. Romania fosters regional cooperation through initiatives such as BSEC, the Three Seas Initiative, Bucharest Nine, Craiova Group and is also part of the Schengen Area.[1][2][3]
As a semi-presidential state widely recognized as democratic, Romania prioritizes multilateralism, collective security and democratic values and maintains close to very close relations with each of its five neighbours given mutual past cooperation, culture or other aspects.
Diplomatic relations
[edit | edit source]List of countries which Romania maintains diplomatic relations with:
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Relations by continent
[edit | edit source]Multilateral
[edit | edit source]| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union | The 1970s. | See 2007 enlargement of the European Union
Romania is widely recognized to be the first communist state to maintain relations with the European Union and has been the sole communist state part of the Warsaw Pact to have friendly relations with the West. Romania signed its Europe Agreement on February 1, 1993, and has submitted its official application for membership in the European Union on June 22, 1995, alongside the Snagov Declaration, signed a day prior as a declaration of all major fourteen political parties of the country at that moment that they commit to consider the European integration as a key policy of each of them. During the early 2000s, Romania (as well as Bulgaria, the other country part of the same wave of accession) implemented various reforms in order to be eligible for European integration, and on December 17, 2004, it has received its final accession date. Romania joined the European Union as a full member on January 1, 2007. |
| Template:Country data NATO | The 1990s. | See Romania in NATO
As a former member of the Eastern Bloc, relations with NATO in the second part of the 20th century for Romania were mostly negative, but took a drastic turn after the transition to a democratic government in 1989. In the early 1990s, Romania became a key ally of NATO given its desire to become part of the organization and strategic geopolitic position. Romania became part of the Partnership for Peace on January 26, 1994, and took part in its first NATO exercises in September of the same year, in Poland. It has supported NATO in its peacekeeping missions in countries such as Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan and has allowed NATO forces to use its airspace during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Romania was officially invited to join NATO at the Prague Summit of November 21–22, 2002 and became part of the organization on March 29, 2004, alongside Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia. |
Europe (Inside the European Union)
[edit | edit source]Romania joined the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2007.
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Austria |
1878-09-23 | See Austria–Romania relations
|
 Bulgaria |
1879-07-28 | See Bulgaria–Romania relations
|
 Croatia |
1941-05-13 | See Croatia–Romania relations
|
 Denmark |
1917-04-26 | See Denmark–Romania relations
|
 Finland |
1920-06-28 | See Finland–Romania relations
|
 France |
1880-02-20 | See France–Romania relations
|
 Germany |
1880-02-20 | See Germany–Romania relations |
 Greece |
1880-01-08 | See Greece–Romania relations
|
 Hungary |
1920-08-21 | See Hungary–Romania relations
|
 Ireland |
1990-04-18 | See Ireland–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 1879-12-06 | See Italy–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Lithuania | 1924-08-21 | See Lithuania–Romania relations
|
 Netherlands |
1880-01-24 | See Netherlands–Romania relations
|
 Poland |
1919-02-22 | See Poland–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Portugal | 1917-08-31 | See Portugal–Romania relations
|
 Slovakia |
1993-01-01 | See Romania–Slovakia relations
|
| File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | 1992-08-28 | See Romania–Slovenia relations
|
 Spain[19] |
1881-07-05 | See Romania–Spain relations
|
 Sweden |
1916-03-18 | See Romania–Sweden relations
|
Europe (Outside of the European Union)
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: Albania | 1913-12-28 | See Albania–Romania relations |
 Armenia |
1991-12-17 | See Armenia–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 1992-02-14 | See Belarus–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1996-03-01 | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia | 1921-02-18 | See Georgia–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Holy See | 1920-06-12 | See Holy See–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Moldova | 1991-08-27 | See Moldova–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Montenegro | 2006-08-09 | See Montenegro–Romania relations |
 Norway |
1917-05-03 | See Norway–Romania relations |
 Russia |
1878-10-12 | See Romania–Russia relations
|
| File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 1841-04-19[20] | See Romania–Serbia relations
|
| File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta[21] | 1992 | See Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta |
 Switzerland |
1911-05-09 | See Romania–Switzerland relations[22] |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1879-10-22 | See Romania–Turkey relations[23] |
 Ukraine |
1918-02-09 | See Romania–Ukraine relations
|
 United Kingdom |
1880-02-20 | See Romania–United Kingdom relations
Romania established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 20 February 1880.[24]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[27] and a Double Taxation Convention.[28] |
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Asia
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan |
1958-06-05 | See Foreign relations of Afghanistan |
 Azerbaijan |
1992-06-19 | See Azerbaijan–Romania relations
|
 China |
1949-10-05 | See China–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Iran | 1902-07-24 | See Iran–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Iraq | 1958-08-14 | See Iraq–Romania relations |
 Israel |
1948-06-11 | See Israel–Romania relations |
 North Korea |
1948-10-26 | See North Korea–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Lebanon | 1965-01-06 | See Lebanon–Romania relations |
 Malaysia |
1969-03-22 | See Malaysia–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Palestine | 1988-11-17 | See Romania–Palestine relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Pakistan | 1964-10-15 | See Pakistan–Romania relations |
 Philippines |
1972-03-10 | See Philippines–Romania relations |
 Saudi Arabia |
1995-03-13 | See Romania–Saudi Arabia relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Singapore | 1967-05-30[31] | See Foreign relations of Singapore
In February 2002 the Romanian president Ion Iliescu made an official visit to Singapore.[32] In March 2002 Romania and Singapore signed a double-taxation agreement.[33] In November 2008, Singapore signed an open skies agreement (OSA) with Romania to allow greater flexibility on air services.[34] In 2000, trade between Romania and Singapore was US$15.5 million, roughly balanced.[31] The Romanian market, with a relatively cheap and skilled labor force and advantageous tax laws, has been attractive to several Singapore companies who have established joint ventures in Romania. Forte, created in 1990 as a Romanian-Singapore joint venture for computer assembly, is an example.[35] (However, in 2006 Forte was acquired by Siemens.[36])
|
 South Korea |
1990-03-30[38] | See Romania–South Korea relations
|
| File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka | 1957-09-15 | See Romania–Sri Lanka relations |
 Syria |
1955-08-09 | See Romania–Syria relations |
 Thailand |
1973-06-01 | See Foreign relations of Thailand |
 Uzbekistan |
1995-10-06 | See Romania–Uzbekistan relations |
Africa: Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Morocco |
1962-02-20 | See Morocco–Romania relations |
| Error creating thumbnail: Tunisia | 1963-12-16 | See Romania–Tunisia relations |
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad | 1969-07-15 | See Chad–Romania relations |
Africa: East African Community (EAC)
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Kenya |
1968-06-22 | See Foreign relations of Kenya
Romania opened its embassy in Kenya in 1974. |
North America and the Caribbean
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Canada |
1919-08-19 | See Canada–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 1935-07-20 | See Mexico–Romania relations
|
 United States |
1880-06-14[44] | See Romania–United States relations
Although diplomatic relations between the two countries started in 1880, the United States recognized Romania's independence on October 14, 1878. The relations were severed between 1941 and 1946 and remained strained until the 1960s. The bilateral relations began improving after the fall of communism in Romania.
|
South and Central America
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Argentina |
1931-04-24 | See Argentina–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 1928-01-07 | See Brazil–Romania relations
|
| Error creating thumbnail: Chile | 1925-02-05 | See Chile–Romania relations |
 Peru |
1939-10-10 | |
| Error creating thumbnail: Uruguay | 1925-07-24 | See Romania–Uruguay relations
|
Oceania
[edit | edit source]| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 1968-03-18 | See Australia–Romania relations
Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, signed in 1994, a Trade and Economic Agreement (signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion, signed in 2001.[45] |
International organisations
[edit | edit source]Romania is a member of the following international organisations:
- Council of Europe
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- NATO
- United Nations
- International Maritime Organization
- Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
- Black Sea Trade and Development Bank
- Union for the Mediterranean
- Antarctic Treaty System (without consulting status)
- Asia–Europe Meeting
- European Patent Organisation
- Interpol
- European Space Agency
See also
[edit | edit source]- List of diplomatic missions in Romania
- List of diplomatic missions of Romania
- List of Romanian diplomats
- Romania's foreign policy in the years preceding the outbreak of the World War I
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Taylor, Ian (2001). Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-apartheid Foreign Relations. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. ISBN 9780275972752.
- ↑ Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
- ↑ Wood, Bernald (1 June 1988). The middle powers and the general interest. Ottawa: The North-South Institute. ISBN 9780920494813.
- ↑ "Lista statelor cu care România întreţine relaţii diplomatice". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania) (in Romanian). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ↑ "Marele Ducat al LUXEMBURGULUI". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe Romania (in Romanian). Retrieved 16 June 2025.
- ↑ "Polska w Rumunii (Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)" (in Polish). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ↑ Klimek, Antonín; Kubů, Eduard (1995). Československá zahraniční politika 1918-1938 : kapitoly z dějin mezinárodních vztahů (in Czech). 3. Institut pro středoevropskou kulturu a politiku. p. 98.
- ↑ British Documents on Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 6. 1973. pp. 270–272.
- ↑ "Anniversary of 55 year since the establishment of diplomatic relations at embassy level between Romania and the Kingdom of Morocco". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
- ↑ "Rumänien: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 6 March 2025.
- ↑ "Palestina". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe Romania (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 May 2025.
- ↑ "INVENTAR ANII: 1989, fără an 416 u. a." (PDF). arhivelenationale.ro (in Romanian). p. 33. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
Schimbarea denumirii Reprezentanței OEP de la București în Ambasada Statului Palestina în RSR: notă de propuneri. 1989.01.14
- ↑ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ↑ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ↑ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ↑ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ↑ "Establishment of the diplomatic relations with the Republic of Kiribati". Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Diplomatic relations between Romania and ..." Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ↑ See, Flaviu Vasile, Rus (2018). Relații culturale și diplomatice româno-spaniole. 1880-1936. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega. ISBN 978-606-543-930-6.
- ↑ [Reprezentanțele diplomatice ale României, vol. I, 1859–1917, București, 1967, pp. 130–134.
- ↑ Sovereign Military Order of Malta has no sovereign territory. It is listed in Europe: Mediterranean microstates due to its extraterritorial headquarters in Rome, Italy and few properties in Italy with extraterritoriality status.
- ↑ "Confederația Elvețiană" (in Romanian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ↑ "From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ↑ "Brief history of Romanian – British diplomatic relations (1880-2022)". Embassy of Romania to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ↑ "Romanian Missions | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ↑ "British Embassy Bucharest". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ↑ Lynch, David (13 November 2024). "UK and Romania sign defence treaty aimed at strengthening support for Ukraine". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
- ↑ HM Revenue and Customs (30 December 2013). "Romania: tax treaties". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
- ↑ "Un angajat al Ambasadei României la Kabul a murit, iar altul e rănit grav după atacul terorist de luni noapte". 4 September 2019.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Republica Libaneză" (in Romanian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Romanian president arrives in Singapore, 20 February". Rompres. 20 February 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ↑ "Romanian president arrives in Singapore, 20 February". Rompres. 20 February 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
- ↑ "Romania to sign tax agreement with Singapore". AP Worldstream. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
- ↑ "osa signed between romania and singapore". Property-Abroad.com. 28 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ↑ "ROMANIA COUNTRY COMMERCIAL GUIDE FY2002 – NETWORKS MARKET". U. S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- ↑ "FORTE BUSINESS SERVICES S.R.L." Siemens. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ↑ "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Romania". Rou.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ↑ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Coreea". seoul.mae.ro. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ↑ "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ↑ "Thai embassy in Bucharest". Thaiembassy.ro. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ↑ "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ↑ Flaviu Vasile, Rus, ed. (2018). The cultural and the diplomatic relations between Romania and the United States of America. 1880-1920. Cluj-Napoca: MEGA Publishing. ISBN 978-606-543-970-2.
- ↑ "Romania". Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ↑ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Australia". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
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