Livermore, California

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For the California wine region, see Livermore Valley AVA.

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Livermore, California
City
Downtown Livermore
Downtown Livermore
Template:Infobox settlement/columns
Template:Location map
Coordinates: 37°40′55″N 121°46′05″W / 37.68194°N 121.76806°W / 37.68194; -121.76806Coordinates: 37°40′55″N 121°46′05″W / 37.68194°N 121.76806°W / 37.68194; -121.76806
Country United States
StateTemplate:Country data California
CountyAlameda
Established1869
IncorporatedApril 1, 1876[1]
Named forRobert Livermore
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager[2]
 • MayorJohn Marchand
 • City managerMarianna Burch
 • U.S. representativeVacant
 • State senatorJerry McNerney
 • State assembly memberRebecca Bauer-Kahan
Area
[3]
 • CityTemplate:Infobox settlement/areadisp
 • LandTemplate:Infobox settlement/areadisp
 • WaterTemplate:Infobox settlement/areadisp  0.010%
Elevation
[5]
Template:Infobox settlement/lengthdisp
Population
 (2020)[6]
 • City87,955
 • DensityTemplate:Infobox settlement/densdisp
 • Urban
240,381 (US: 167th)[4]
 • Urban densityTemplate:Infobox settlement/densdisp
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
94550, 94551
Area code(s)925
FIPS codeTemplate:FIPS
GNIS feature IDsTemplate:GNIS 4, Template:GNIS 4
Websitewww.livermoreca.gov

Livermore is a city in Alameda County, California, on the eastern edge of the San Francisco Bay Area. With a population of 87,955 at the 2020 census, it is the most populous city in the Tri-Valley and the principal city of the Livermore–Pleasanton–Dublin urban area.[6][4]

Founded as a railroad town in 1869 and incorporated in 1876, Livermore is named for Robert Livermore, a rancher who settled in the valley in the 1840s.[7] The city is home to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, for which the chemical element livermorium is named, and is also the California site of Sandia National Laboratories.[8]

Livermore lies within the Livermore Valley wine region and is the site of the Centennial Light, a light bulb that has burned almost continuously since 1901 and is housed at Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department Station 6.[9] The city is connected to the wider Bay Area by Interstate 580 and two Altamont Corridor Express stations, with the proposed Valley Link service planned to extend rail connections to the Bay Area Rapid Transit system.[10]

History

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Indigenous peoples

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The valley and upland areas where contemporary Livermore is located were home to Chochenyo-speaking peoples.[11] As a group, these people are considered Ohlone Costanoan, with distinct cultural affiliations from the neighboring Bay Miwok to the north and Valley Yokuts to the east. Four tribelets—the Yulien, Ssaoam, Ssouyn, and Pelnen—occupied the valley floor, with territory extending into the surrounding hills.[12] Semi-permanent villages stood near water drainages on the valley floor within the current urban limits of Livermore, with seasonal camps in the surrounding uplands.[13]

After the founding of Mission San José in 1797, the four Livermore Valley tribelets were heavily affected by Spanish recruitment: during the first seven years of the 1800s, 502 individuals from these groups were baptized at the mission.[14] Measles outbreaks in 1806 contributed to further population decline and pushed recruiting beyond the valley into the Altamont range.[15]

Native groups left Mission San José after secularization in the 1830s and reestablished communities in the East Bay, including in the Livermore Valley.[16] They worked as laborers rather than rely on now-depleted traditional food sources.[7] But as the population grew thanks to the 1848 Gold Rush and influxes of railroad workers, work became difficult to find.[7][why?] By 1906, only 28 Indigenous residents remained in the Livermore Valley, and most were gone by 1914.[7]

1700s

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A Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fages skirted the western edge of Livermore Valley in 1772. Mission San José was founded in 1797 in what is now Fremont. The friars at Mission San José treated the people and land to the east as under mission control, and the area became known to them as the Valley of San José.[11]: 7  Neighboring tribes also used the valley as a staging area for raids on the mission in this period.[14]

1800s

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From 1800 to about 1837, the Livermore-Amador Valley was used as grazing land for Mission San José cattle, sheep, and horses. After the secularization of the mission system in the 1830s, two Mexican land grants encompassed the valley: Rancho Las Positas and Rancho Valle de San José.

Rancho Las Positas

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Main articles: Rancho Las Positas and Robert Livermore
File:José Noriega (Mayor of San Jose).jpg
File:Robert Livermore.jpg
Livermore grew out of Rancho Las Positas, granted in 1839 to José Noriega and Robert Livermore.

Robert Livermore (1799–1858), the city's namesake, was a British merchant sailor who came ashore at Monterey and later settled in California. In 1839, the 48,000-acre (19,000 ha) Rancho Las Positas grant, which included much of present-day Livermore, was made to Livermore and Jose Noriega. In the early 1840s, Livermore moved his family from the Sunol Valley to Rancho Las Positas, becoming the second non-Indigenous family to settle in the Livermore Valley.[7]

After the United States took control of California and the California Gold Rush began in 1848, Livermore sold cattle to miners traveling between the Bay Area and the gold fields. His ranch became a stopping point for travelers heading toward Sacramento and the Mother Lode by way of Altamont Pass; the area consequently became known as Livermore's Valley.[7]

Founding

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File:Livermore map 1878.jpg
A map of Livermore published in 1878 by Thompson & West

Robert Livermore died in 1858. The first settlement in the valley was Laddsville, which developed around a hotel established by Alponso Ladd in the 1860s.[17]

The city's founder, William Mendenhall, owned land in the Livermore Valley and in 1869 set aside 100 acres (40 ha) for a townsite. He named the town Livermore after his friend Robert Livermore.[17] Livermore was platted and registered on November 4, 1869, as a railroad town.[18] The Western Pacific Railroad built tracks on land previously signed over by Robert Livermore,[19] and placed a station on land donated by Mendenhall.[17]

The new railroad connection significantly accelerated Livermore's growth.[17] Impetus was also added when Laddsville merged into Livermore after a fire in 1871.[17] The city was incorporated on April 1, 1876.[17]

Early Livermore

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File:California a guide to the Golden state - Vineyard, Livermore Valley.jpg
A vineyard in the Livermore Valley, photographed in 1939

In its early decades, Livermore's economy was based on wheat, cattle, coal, oil, roses, and wine. Wineries founded in the 1880s, including Wente Vineyards, Concannon Vineyards, and Cresta Blanca Winery, shaped the valley's wine industry.[7] Coal was mined in the nearby Corral Hollow area, which between 1895 and 1905 was among California's larger coal-producing districts.[20] Smaller contributions to the town's economy include extensive chromite deposits found nearby,[21] and magnesite deposits on Red Mountain.[22]

By the 1870s, Livermore had a fire company, churches, a bank, a library, and schools. Electric lights were introduced by 1888, and by 1890 the town had more than 20 miles (32 km) of streets.[21] Petroleum and natural-gas seeps have been documented in the Livermore Valley, and oil and gas exploration occurred in and around the city during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed]

1900s

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File:Livermore Sanitarium.png
The Livermore Sanitarium in 1904

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Livermore Valley attracted sanitariums on account of its climate and air. The Livermore Sanitarium operated from 1894 to 1960 for the treatment of alcoholism and mental disorders, and the Arroyo del Valle Sanitarium operated from 1918 to about 1960 for the treatment of tuberculosis.[7] In 1909, the Livermore Carnegie Library and Park opened with support from a Carnegie library grant.[23]

The city remained agricultural until the mid-20th century.[23] In 1942, the U.S. government acquired 692 acres (280 ha) of ranch land and built Livermore Naval Air Station to train Navy pilots during World War II. The facility closed after the war and was later transferred for use by the University of California's Radiation Laboratory, which became Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).[6] The growth of Livermore after World War II was shaped by the establishment of LLNL in 1952 and the Sandia National Laboratories California site in 1956, along with suburban expansion from the wider Bay Area.[23] LLNL caused the city to grow intoa technological centre, while suburban expansion increased the population.[6] Specifically, the city's population approximately tripled between 1970 and 2000 as Bay Area residents moved eastward.[6]

2000s

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In the early 2000s, much work was done by the city and a highway was redirected to make the downtown walkable, which previously was a place to pass through more than visit even for residents of the town.[24]

Geography

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File:IMAG3052-livermore.jpg
Livermore from the southwest

The Livermore Valley lies within the Diablo Range, part of the California Coast Ranges around the San Francisco Bay Area. It is ~15 mi long east-west and 10 mi north-south. The valley has an east–west orientation, with passes connecting the Bay Area to the Central Valley. These passes are used by highways and rail lines.

Watercourses draining Livermore include Arroyo Mocho, Arroyo Valle, Arroyo Seco, and Arroyo Las Positas.[25] The principal aquifer underlying the city is the Mocho Subbasin.[25] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.45 square miles (68.5 km2), nearly all of it land.[3] Several local seismic zones lie near the city, including the Greenville Fault, Tesla Fault, and Livermore Fault.[25]

The soil in the valley is classified as very gravelly coarse sandy loam.[26] It was formed from very gravelly alluvium made of sedimentary and metasedimentary rock.[26]

Climate

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File:Snow on Livermore hills.jpg
Snow near Livermore in 2023

Livermore has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), with hot, dry summers and cool winters with occasional rain.[27] The climate is strongly influenced by winds from the Pacific, lowering temperatures compared to the hotter parts of the Central Valley immediately eastward.[28] Complication is introduced by the fact that Pacific winds enter the valley from multiple locations.[28] Snow is rare but has occurred on surrounding hills and occasionally in the valley.[29][30]

Template:Weather box

Demographics

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Template:US Census population

Racial and ethnic composition

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Livermore, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Race / Ethnicity Pop. 2000 Pop. 2010 Pop. 2020 % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino 54,587 52,397 48,449 74.42% 64.71% 55.08%
Black or African American alone, not Hispanic or Latino 1,094 1,562 1,604 1.49% 1.93% 1.82%
Native American or Alaska Native alone, not Hispanic or Latino 315 251 203 0.43% 0.31% 0.23%
Asian alone, not Hispanic or Latino 4,171 6,643 12,633 5.69% 8.20% 14.36%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone, not Hispanic or Latino 189 231 209 0.26% 0.29% 0.24%
Other race alone, not Hispanic or Latino 185 202 500 0.25% 0.25% 0.57%
Mixed race or multiracial, not Hispanic or Latino 2,263 2,762 5,379 3.09% 3.41% 6.12%
Hispanic or Latino of any race 10,541 16,920 18,978 14.37% 20.90% 21.58%
Total 73,345 80,968 87,955 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2020 census

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At the 2020 United States census, Livermore had a population of 87,955 and a population density of approximately 3,326 people per square mile. The median age was 39.9 years. About 70.7% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied and 29.3% were renter-occupied.[31]

2010 census

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The 2010 United States census reported that Livermore had a population of 80,968. The population density was 3,216.1 people per square mile. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%, and the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%.[32]

Income

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In 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Livermore's median household income at $153,602 and per capita income at $71,179. About 2.4% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line.[33]

Voter registration

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As of October 2019, there were 53,792 registered voters in Livermore; 21,158 were Democrats, 15,061 were Republicans, and 14,499 were independents or decline-to-state voters.[34]

Economy

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Laboratories

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The Livermore area contains two U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is the city's largest employer (17% as of 2025[35]) and conducts national-security, energy, scientific, and technology research. The laboratory's stated responsibilities include ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of the United States nuclear deterrent; its researchers co-discovered livermorium.[36]

The California site of Sandia National Laboratories is also in Livermore. It is the city's second largest employer (~4% as of 2025[35]). Sandia describes its mission as focused on national security. The California campus is managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International.[37]

i-GATE

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In 2010, the national laboratories, the city of Livermore, and regional partners established i-GATE, an innovation hub and business incubator focused on energy and transportation technologies.[38] The campus has shared facilities with Robot Garden, a community workshop and hackerspace.[citation needed]

Wine

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Main article: Livermore Valley AVA
File:Southeast Livermore vineyard neighborhood.jpg
Southeast Livermore neighborhood surrounded by vineyards

The Livermore Valley American Viticultural Area dates commercial viticulture to the 1840s, when Robert Livermore planted the first vines in the valley.[7] In the 1880s, C. H. Wente, James Concannon, and Charles Wetmore founded wineries in the Livermore Valley.[39]

Top employers

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According to the city's 2024-25 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in Livermore were:[35]

# Employer Employees Percentage
1 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 9,749 16.91%
2 Sandia National Laboratories 2,067 3.59%
3 Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District 1,401 2.43%
4 GILLIG 1,198 2.08%
5 FormFactor 920 1.60%
6 Kaiser Permanente 825 1.43%
7 City of Livermore 535 0.93%
8 LAM Research 474 0.82%
9 Topcon Positioning 410 0.71%
10 US Foods 360 0.62%

Gillig, a bus manufacturer, moved its factory to Livermore in 2017.[40]

Arts and culture

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File:Livermore Carnegie Library Front View.JPG
Livermore Carnegie Library and Park is one of five Livermore landmarks listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
File:FirstPresLivermore.JPG
First Presbyterian Church of Livermore's chapel
File:Sa livermore temple.jpg
Shiva-Vishnu Temple, a Hindu temple in Livermore.[41]

Livermore hosts the annual Livermore Rodeo, which began in 1918 as a fundraiser for the Red Cross during World War I.[42] The city lies within the Livermore Valley wine region, discussed in the Economy section.

The Centennial Light, a light bulb first installed at a fire department hose cart house on L Street in 1901, is housed at Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department Station 6 and has burned almost continuously since installation.[9]

Livermore has a seasonal local farmers market on Thursdays.[43][44][45]

The official city flower is the Livermore tarplant, an endangered plant that only grows near Livermore.[46]

Media

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Radio station KKIQ is licensed in Livermore and broadcasts in the Tri-Valley area.[citation needed] The Independent is a local newspaper founded in September 1963. It is located in the Bank of Italy building.[47]

Parks and recreation

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The Livermore Area Recreation and Park District (LARPD) is an independent special district created by voters in 1947. It is governed by a five-member elected board of directors, each serving a four-year term.[48] LARPD operates neighborhood parks, community parks, open-space parks, special-use parks, recreation programs, aquatics, environmental education, senior services, and special events.[48]

Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area, near Livermore and Pleasanton, was formerly a gravel quarry donated to the East Bay Regional Park District by Kaiser Industries and opened as a park in 1971. The park covers 266 acres (108 ha) and includes an 80-acre (32 ha) lake.[49]

Government

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Livermore has a council–manager form of government. The City Council provides policy direction and appoints a city manager, who oversees city operations.[2]

The City Council consists of a mayor elected at large and four council members elected by district. As of 2026, the mayor is John Marchand. The four council members, each representing a district, are Evan Branning (District 1), Ben Barrientos (District 2), Steven Dunbar (District 3), and Kristie Wang (District 4); Wang also serves as vice mayor.[50] Marianna A. Burch is the city manager.[2]

In the California State Legislature, Livermore is represented by Jerry McNerney in the 5th Senate District and Rebecca Bauer-Kahan in the 16th Assembly District.[51] In the United States House of Representatives, Livermore is in California's 14th congressional district; the seat is vacant following the resignation of Eric Swalwell in April 2026.[52]

Livermore vote by party in presidential elections[53]
Year Democratic Republican
2024 60.8% 26,804 36.0% 15,897
2020 62.4% 30,344 35.2% 17,130
2016 57.1% 22,476 35.1% 13,837
2012 54.9% 20,088 42.5% 15,562
2008 57.3% 21,571 40.9% 15,400
2004 49.9% 17,045 49.0% 16,728
2000 47.9% 14,066 48.1% 14,110
1996 45.2% 11,871 43.4% 11,409
1992 39.0% 10,906 35.3% 9,853
1988 39.6% 8,980 58.9% 13,365
1984 30.5% 6,789 68.1% 15,185
1980 28.9% 5,291 56.8% 10,397
1976 44.0% 7,612 54.1% 9,364
1972 34.8% 6,314 62.1% 11,256
1968 39.7% 5,103 52.5% 6,754
1964 55.2% 5,474 44.8% 4,436

General Plan

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Livermore's General Plan guides city decisions on land use, mobility, housing, open space, economic development, community identity, and related services. The city began updating its 2004 General Plan in 2021, and a public-review draft of the General Plan 2045 was available in 2026 through the Imagine Livermore 2045 process.[54]

Education

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Public schools in Livermore are operated by the Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District.[55] The district includes elementary, middle, comprehensive high, and alternative high schools.[56]

Charter schools shutdown

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Two charter schools in Livermore, Livermore Valley Charter School and Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory, were operated by the Tri-Valley Learning Corporation. Both schools closed by the start of the 2018 school year amid allegations of financial mismanagement and problems involving exchange students. Displaced students were absorbed by other local schools and programs.[57]

Media

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KKIQ is a radio station licensed to Livermore.[58] The Independent, founded in 1963, is a local newspaper serving Dublin, Livermore, Pleasanton, and Sunol.[59]

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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Interstate 580 is Livermore's primary east–west freeway. It runs along the northern edge of the city before heading east through Altamont Pass toward the Central Valley and Interstate 5. Interstate 680 lies west of Livermore. State Route 84 heads southwest from I-580 toward Fremont, and Vasco Road connects Livermore to Brentwood and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta.[60]

Livermore Municipal Airport is located northwest of the city and serves private, business, and corporate aviation.[61] The WHEELS bus system operates in Livermore, Pleasanton, Dublin, and surrounding unincorporated areas of Alameda County, with connections to Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations in Dublin and Pleasanton.[62]

Livermore has two Altamont Corridor Express stations, at Vasco Road and at downtown Livermore.[63] In 2018, the BART board voted against extending BART to Livermore.[64] The Tri-Valley–San Joaquin Valley Regional Rail Authority was formed to establish a rail connection between the existing BART system and the Altamont Corridor Express; the proposed service is known as Valley Link.[10]

Police

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The Livermore Police Department provides law-enforcement services for the city.[65]

Fire department

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Main article: Livermore Pleasanton Fire Department

The Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department provides fire and advanced life-support services to Livermore and Pleasanton.

Notable people

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Arts

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Politics

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Science

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Sports

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Business

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Sister cities

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Livermore has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:[69]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "City Manager". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  5. ↑ Template:Cite GNIS
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Livermore city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Livermore Heritage Guild (2006). Early Livermore. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3099-4.
  8. ↑ "'Livermorium' is new atomic element name". May 31, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Centennial Light Bulb". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  10. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "2009 – Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today by Randall Milliken, Laurence H. Shoup, and Beverly R. Ortiz". National Park Service; Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco, California. July 4, 2017.
  11. ↑ Farris, Glenn J. (July 1, 1996). Milliken: A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769–1810. eScholarship, University of California. OCLC 1034721884.
  12. ↑ Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (2010). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-1960-4. OCLC 503243818. [page needed]
  13. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1810. Novato, California: Ballena Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0879191325.
  14. ↑ Lightfoot, Kent G. (2005). Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-520-20824-2.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Keith L.; Bean, Lowell John; Caughey, John Walton (1997). "The Ohlone, Past and Present: Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region". Ethnohistory. 44 (3): 308. doi:10.2307/483052. JSTOR 483052.
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Bush, Barbara (1988). Dean, Muriel (ed.). Just the Facts...: Highlights of Livermore History (PDF). Livermore, California: Livermore Heritage Guild.
  17. ↑ Frank, Alan M. (2019). Depot: A History of the Railroad in Livermore. Livermore Heritage Guild.
  18. ↑ Newton, Janet. "Railroad Land Grants and the Early Railroad History of the Livermore Valley" (PDF). Livermore Valley History Center.
  19. ↑ Kyle, Douglas E.; Rensch, Hero Eugene; Rensch, Ethel Grace; Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Abeloe, William (2002). Historic Spots in California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804778176. [page needed]
  20. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Baker, Joseph Eugene. Past and Present of Alameda County, California. 1. p. 442.
  21. ↑ Homan, Anne Marshall (2007). Historic Livermore, California : illustrated, A-Z. Internet Archive. Walnut Creek, Calif. : Hardscratch Press. ISBN 978-0-9678989-7-1.
  22. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Newton, Janet (September 1979). A Brief History of Livermore. Livermore Heritage Guild.
  23. ↑ Strzemp, Jude (March 13, 2025). "Downtown Series: Keeping the heart of Livermore healthy". Danville San Ramon. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  24. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Alternative Groundwater Sustainability Plan" (PDF). Zone 7 Water Agency. December 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  25. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Official Series Description - LIVERMORE Series". soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
  26. ↑ Farr, Jim (April 12, 2026). "Decoding the mysteries of microclimates in Alameda County". University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  27. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Shabram, Patrick L. "The Viticultural Districts of the Livermore Valley AVA." Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association, 2019. Funding supported by grant from the CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture.
  28. ↑ "Over 100 drivers stuck on snow-clogged road in Livermore". KTVU FOX 2. February 24, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  29. ↑ "Snow sighting in Livermore wine country". KTVU FOX 2 San Francisco. December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  30. ↑ "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)". United States Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2026.
  31. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Livermore city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Livermore city, California; DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics – 2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates Comparison Profiles". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  33. ↑ "Registration by Political Subdivision by County" (PDF). California Secretary of State. 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
  34. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 FY 2024-25 Annual Comprehensive Fiscal Report, City of Livermore, 2025.
  35. ↑ "About". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  36. ↑ "About Sandia". Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  37. ↑ "i-GATE". i-GATE. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association: History & Terroir". Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  39. ↑ Ruggiero, Angela (May 19, 2017). "Final day in Hayward as bus manufacturing titan Gillig heads to Livermore". East Bay Times. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  40. ↑ Iyer, Muthuraman S. (July 2019). "Sthala Puraana (Temple Story) of Shiva Vishnu Temple" (PDF). Shiva-Vishnu Temple, Livermore. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  41. ↑ "About". Livermore Rodeo. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  42. ↑ Grossman, Deborah (April 11, 2023). "Tri-Valley Foodist: Food adventures at the Livermore Downtown Farmers' Market". Livermore Vine. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  43. ↑ Bajko, Matthew S. (June 15, 2020). "Bay Area farmers' market operator bans Pride flags". The Bay Area Reporter.
  44. ↑ Bajko, Matthew S. (June 17, 2020). "Following Pride flag confrontation, farmers market management company complains of 'vitriol' it has received". The Bay Area Reporter.
  45. ↑ Ruggiero, Angela (March 1, 2017). "Livermore agrees to make smelly tarplant its city flower". East Bay Times. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  46. ↑ "About Us - The Independent: Site". www.independentnews.com. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  47. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "About Us". Livermore Area Recreation and Park District. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  48. ↑ "Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area". East Bay Regional Park District. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  49. ↑ "City Council". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Contact Information for County, State, & Federal Officials". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  51. ↑ "Office of the Fourteenth Congressional District of California". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  52. ↑ "Prior Election Results". California Secretary of State. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  53. ↑ "The Draft General Plan 2045 is now available for public review". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  54. ↑ "2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Alameda County, CA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  55. ↑ "Our Schools". Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  56. ↑ "About 400 parents pull kids out of Livermore charter schools". ABC7 San Francisco. August 23, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  57. ↑ "FCC Applications". KKIQ. June 4, 2025. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  58. ↑ "Subscribe or Renew your subscription". The Independent. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  59. ↑ California State Highway Map (Map). California Department of Transportation. 2024.
  60. ↑ "Livermore Municipal Airport". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Routes & Schedules". Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  62. ↑ "Stations". Altamont Corridor Express. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  63. ↑ "BART rejects Livermore expansion; mayor vows rail connection". The Mercury News. May 25, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  64. ↑ "About the Police Department". City of Livermore. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  65. ↑ Bernstein, Adam (January 16, 2013). "Conrad Bain, 'Diff'rent Strokes' dad, dies at 80". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  66. ↑ "Brandon Rogers Doesn't Care if His Comedy Offends You". Out. November 28, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  67. ↑ Graham, Carol. "Livermore Gymnast Inducted into the Hall of Fame". The Independent. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  68. ↑ "Livermore Sister Cities". City of Livermore. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

Further reading

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