Standard-gauge railway

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This article is about railway track gauge. For loading gauges, see Standard loading gauge. For gauge in toy trains, see Standard Gauge (toy trains).

Template:Sidebar track gauge

A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of Template:Track gauge. The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge (after George Stephenson), international gauge, UIC gauge, uniform gauge, normal gauge in Europe,[1][2][3][4][5] and SGR in East Africa. It is the most widely used track gauge around the world, with about 60% of the lines in the world using it.[6]

All high-speed rail lines use standard gauge except those in Russia, Finland, Uzbekistan, and some line sections in Spain.[7] The distance between the inside edges of the heads of the rails is defined to be 1,435 mm except in the United States, Canada, and on some heritage British lines, where it is defined in U.S. customary/British Imperial units as exactly "four feet eight and one half inches",[8] which is equivalent to 1,435.1 mm.

History

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As railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge (the distance, or width, between the inner sides of the rail heads) to be used, as the wheels of the rolling stock (locomotives, cars, etc.) must match this distance. Different railways used different gauges, and where track of different gauges met – a "gauge break" – loads had to be unloaded from one set of rail cars and reloaded onto another, a time-consuming and expensive process. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a "standard gauge" of Template:Track gauge, allowing interconnectivity and interoperability.

Origins

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A popular legend that has circulated since at least 1937[9] traces the origin of the Template:Track gauge gauge even further back than the coalfields of northern England, pointing to the evidence of rutted roads marked by chariot wheels dating from the Roman Empire.[lower-alpha 1][10] Snopes categorised this legend as "false", but commented that it "is perhaps more fairly labeled as 'Partly true, but for trivial and unremarkable reasons.'"[11] The historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles around Template:Track gauge apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts.[11] Research, however, has been undertaken to support the hypothesis that "the origin of the standard gauge of the railway might result from an interval of wheel ruts of prehistoric ancient carriages".[12]

In addition, while road-travelling vehicles are typically measured from the outermost portions of the wheel rims, it became apparent that for vehicles travelling on rails, having main wheel flanges that fit inside the rails is better, thus the minimum distance between the wheels (and, by extension, the inside faces of the rail heads) was the important one.

A standard gauge for horse railways never existed, but rough groupings were used; in the north of England none was less than Template:Track gauge.[13] Wylam colliery's system, built before 1763, was Template:Track gauge, as was John Blenkinsop's Middleton Railway; the old Template:Track gauge plateway was relaid to Template:Track gauge so that Blenkinsop's engine could be used.[13] Others were Template:Track gauge (in Beamish) or Template:Track gauge (in Bigges Main (in Wallsend), Kenton, and Coxlodge).[13][14]

Stone block sleepers

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Very early tramways used pairs of stone blocks which meant that the feet of horses didn't trip over obstacles in the middle of the track. However timber sleepers, which could cause the feet of horses to trip, held the gauge better.

Pioneer gauges

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English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured [[4 ft 8 in gauge railways| Template:Track gauge]] (Template:Track gauge) for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, and used it on his Killingworth line.[13] The Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge.

Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington railway (S&DR) was built primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. Opening in 1825, the initial gauge of Template:Track gauge was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons[15] that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made, debuting around 1850, to the Template:Track gauge gauge.[13][16][page needed] The historic Mount Washington Cog Railway, the world's first mountain-climbing rack railway, is still in operation in the 21st century, and has used the earlier Template:Track gauge gauge since its inauguration in 1868.

George Stephenson introduced the Template:Track gauge gauge (including a belated extra Template:Cvt of free movement to reduce binding on curves[17]) for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The extra half inch was not regarded at first as very significant, and some early trains ran on both gauges daily without compromising safety.[18]

The success of this project led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Thus the Template:Track gauge gauge became widespread and dominant in Britain. Robert was reported to have said that if he had had a second chance to choose a gauge, he would have chosen one wider than Template:Track gauge.[19][20] "I would take a few inches more, but a very few".[21]

During the "gauge war" with the Great Western Railway, standard gauge was called "narrow gauge", in contrast to the Great Western's Template:Track gauge broad gauge. The modern use of the term "narrow gauge" for gauges less than standard did not arise for many years, until the first such locomotive-hauled passenger railway, the Ffestiniog Railway, was built.[citation needed]

Gauge in Ireland

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Ireland built its first railway with standard 1435mm gauge, but switched to 1600mm gauge after a decree from the Board of Trade.

Early Example

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An early example of 1435mm gauge was at Willington Colliery, a 3-mile line running to the River Tyne.[22]

Adoption

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In 1845, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a Royal Commission on Railway Gauges reported in favour of a standard gauge. The subsequent Gauge Act ruled that new passenger-carrying railways in Great Britain should be built to a standard gauge of Template:Track gauge, and those in Ireland to a new standard gauge of Template:Track gauge. In Great Britain, Stephenson's gauge was chosen on the grounds that existing lines of this gauge were eight times longer than those of the rival Template:Track gauge (later Template:Track gauge) gauge adopted principally by the Great Western Railway. It allowed the broad-gauge companies in Great Britain to continue with their tracks and expand their networks within the "Limits of Deviation" and the exceptions defined in the Act.

After an intervening period of mixed-gauge operation (tracks were laid with three rails), the Great Western Railway finally completed the conversion of its network to standard gauge in 1892. In North East England, some early lines in colliery (coal mining) areas were Template:Track gauge, while in Scotland some early lines were Template:Track gauge. The British gauges converged starting from 1846 as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent. By the 1890s, the entire network was converted to standard gauge.

The Royal Commission made no comment about small lines narrower than standard gauge (to be called "narrow gauge"), such as the Ffestiniog Railway. Thus it permitted a future multiplicity of narrow gauges in the UK. It also made no comments about future gauges in British colonies, which allowed various gauges to be adopted across the colonies.

Parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. The American gauges converged, as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent. Notably, all the Template:Track gauge broad gauge track in the South was converted to "almost standard" gauge Template:Track gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886.[23] See Track gauge in the United States.

In continental Europe, France and Belgium adopted a Template:Track gauge gauge (measured between the midpoints of each rail's profile) for their early railways.[24] The gauge between the interior edges of the rails (the measurement adopted from 1844) differed slightly between countries, and even between networks within a country (for example, Template:Track gauge to Template:Track gauge in France). The first tracks in Austria and in the Netherlands had other gauges (Template:Track gauge in Austria for the Donau Moldau line and Template:Track gauge in the Netherlands for the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij), but for interoperability reasons (the first rail service between Paris and Berlin began in 1849, first Chaix timetable) Germany adopted standard gauges, as did most other European countries.

The modern method of measuring rail gauge was agreed in the first Berne rail convention of 1886.[25]

Early railways by gauge

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Non-standard gauge

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Name Authorised Opened Gauge
Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway 1824 1825 Template:Track gauge
Dundee and Newtyle Railway 1829 1831 Template:Track gauge
Eastern Counties Railway 1836, 4 July 1839, 20 June Template:Track gauge[26]
London and Blackwall Railway 1838, 28 July 1840 Template:Track gauge[27][28][29]
Dundee and Arbroath Railway 1836, 19 May
incorporated		 1838, October Template:Track gauge
Until standardised in 1847
Arbroath and Forfar Railway 1838, November Template:Track gauge
Northern and Eastern Railway 1836, 4 July 1840, 15 September Template:Track gauge[30]
Aberdeen Railway 1845 1848 Template:Track gauge
Until standardised
Great Western Railway 1835 1838 Template:Track gauge
Until standardised
Ulster Railway 1836 1839 Template:Track gauge
Until 5ft 3in

Almost standard gauge

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Main article: 4 ft 8 in gauge railways

Standard gauge

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Name Authorised Opened Remarks
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1827 1830 13-mile section Baltimore – Elliot's Mill started revenue operation with horse-drawn cars on 24 May 1830.[32]
Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1824
Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway 1826 1833 All early French railways (including St-Étienne – Andrezieux, authorised 1823, opened 1827) had a French Gauge of Template:Track gauge between rail axes, compatible with early standard gauge tolerances)
Dublin and Kingstown Railway 1831 1834 (pass­en­ger traffic) converted to 5 ft 3in in 1857
Newcastle & Carlisle Railway 1829 1834 Isolated from LMR
Grand Junction Railway 1833 1837 Connected to LMR
London and Birmingham Railway 1838
Manchester and Birmingham Railway 1837 1840
Birmingham and Gloucester Railway 1836
London and Southampton Railway 1834
London and Brighton Railway 1837 1841
South Eastern Railway 1836 1844
Australia (NSW, VIC, SA) 1848 1854 Original recommendation from London

Small deviations from standard gauge

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Dual gauge

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Main article: Dual gauge

Initially standard gauge

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Several lines were initially built as standard gauge but were later converted to another gauge for cost or for compatibility reasons.[citation needed]

Modern almost standard gauge railways

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Railways

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Country/territory Railway Notes
Albania National rail network 677 km (421 mi)[37][38]
Algeria
3,973 km (2,469 mi)[39]
Angola 80 km (50 mi)
Argentina
Other major lines are mostly Template:Track gauge broad gauge, with the exception of the Template:Track gauge General Belgrano Railway.
Further information: Rail transport in Argentina
Australia
Further information: Rail gauge in Australia

2,295 km (1,426 mi)

Victoria built the first railways to the Template:Track gauge Irish broad gauge. New South Wales then built to the standard gauge, so trains had to stop on the border and passengers transferred, which was only rectified in the 1960s. Queensland still runs on a narrow gauge but there is a standard gauge line from NSW to Brisbane.

Austria Österreichische Bundesbahnen 4,859 km (3,019 mi) The Semmering railway has UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
Bangladesh Dhaka Metro Rail 20.1 km (12.5 mi)
Belgium NMBS/SNCB, Brussels Metro and tramway

NMBS/SNCB 3,619 km (2,249 mi) [40]

Brussels Metro 40 km (25 mi)

Trams in Brussels 140 km (87 mi)

Bolivia Mi Tren 42 km (26.1 mi)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Further information: Rail transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1,032 km (641 mi)

Brazil
205.5 km (127.7 mi)
Bulgaria
Canada National rail network (including commuter rail operators like GO Transit, West Coast Express, Exo and Union Pearson Express) 49,422 km (30,709 mi)

The Toronto Transit Commission uses Template:Track gauge gauge on its streetcar and subway lines.

China National rail network 103,144 km (64,091 mi)
Chile Santiago Metro 140.8 km (87 mi)
Croatia HŽ Infrastruktura
Further information: Rail transport in Croatia
Colombia Metro de Medellín, Tren del Cerrejón, Metro de Bogotá
Cuba Ferrocarriles de Cuba 4,266 km (2,651 mi)
Czech Republic
9,478 km (5,889 mi)
Denmark Banedanmark and Copenhagen Metro
Djibouti Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway 100 km (62 mi)
Egypt Egyptian National Railways
Estonia Rail Baltica Standard-gauge Rail Baltica railway is under construction and is scheduled to be completed by 2030. Cost studies have been undertaken for a potential overhaul of entire rail network to standard gauge.[44]
Ethiopia Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway; Addis Ababa Light Rail 659 km (409 mi) Other standard gauge lines under construction.
Finland
France SNCF, RATP (on RER lines)
Gabon Trans-Gabon Railway 669 km (416 mi)
Germany Deutsche Bahn, numerous local public transport providers 43,468 km (27,010 mi)
Georgia Georgian Railway Template:Track gauge constructed between Akhalkalaki to Karstakhi for Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway 26.142 km (16.244 mi)
Ghana Tema-Mpakadan Railway Line

Takoradi to Sekondi Route, is currently operated by the Ghana Railway Company Limited. Kojokrom-Sekondi Railway Line (The Kojokrom-Sekondi line is a branch line that joins the Western Railway Line at Kojokrom)

New and extended SGR are being built, with some dual gauge.
Greece Hellenic Railways Organisation (operated by TrainOSE) All modern Greek networks, except in the Peloponnese
Holy See 1 km (0.62 mi)
Hong Kong MTR (former KCR network – East Rail line, Tuen Ma line, Light Rail) Other MTR lines use 1,432 mm (4 ft 8+3⁄8 in) instead of 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in[45][46][47]
Hungary
India Only used for rapid transit and tram, Bengaluru Metro, Chennai Metro, Delhi Metro (Phase 2 onwards), Rapid Metro Gurgaon, Hyderabad Metro, Jaipur Metro, Kochi Metro, Kolkata Metro, Lucknow Metro, Mumbai Metro, Nagpur Metro, Navi Mumbai Metro, Pune Metro, Delhi–Meerut RRTS, and Trams in Kolkata. The under-construction Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor based on the Shinkansen also uses standard gauge. All under-construction and future high-speed rail and rapid transit systems would be in standard gauge. 128,305 km (79,725 mi)

Indian nationwide rail system (Indian Railways) uses Template:Track gauge broad gauge. 99.45% of the broad gauge network is electrified.

Indonesia Aceh rail, Bali MRT (under construction), Jakarta LRT, Jabodebek LRT, Trans-Sulawesi Railway (Makassar-Parepare section), Jakarta MRT West-east line (planned), and Jakarta-Bandung high speed networks The very first railway line in Indonesia which connects Semarang to Tanggung, which later extended to Yogyakarta was laid to standard gauge.[48] Opened in 1867, it was mostly regauged to 1,067mm/3ft6in during Japanese occupation in 1943, while a short line in Semarang Harbor soldiered on until 1945.[49] Standard gauge railway lines made a return in 2014 on experimental railway line in Aceh.

The railway tracks of Java and Sumatra use Template:Track gauge.

Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Railways 12,998 km (8,077 mi)
Iraq Iraqi Republic Railways 485 km (301 mi)
Ireland Transport Infrastructure Ireland Luas in Dublin
Israel
Italy Ferrovie dello Stato 16,723 km (10,391 mi)
Japan Shinkansen, JR Hokkaido Naebo Works (see Train on Train), Sendai Subway (Tōzai Line), Tokyo Metro (Ginza and Marunouchi lines), Toei Subway (Asakusa and Ōedo lines), Yokohama Municipal Subway (Blue and Green lines), Nagoya Municipal Subway (Higashiyama, Meijō, and Meikō lines), Kyoto Municipal Subway, Osaka Metro, Kobe Municipal Subway, Fukuoka City Subway (Nanakuma Line), Keisei Electric Railway (including Hokusō and Shin-Keisei lines), Keikyu Line, Kintetsu Railway (Osaka, Nara, Nagoya, Yamada, Kyoto, and Keihanna lines and their associated branches), Keihan Railway, Hankyu Railway, Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway, Nose Electric Railway, Hanshin Railway, Sanyo Electric Railway, Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad (Kotoden), Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Tenjin Ōmuta, Dazaifu and Amagi lines) 4,251 km (2,641 mi), all electrified
Kenya Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway 485 km (301 mi) Inaugurated 31 May 2017. An extension from Nairobi to Naivasha is under construction. A further extension east to the Ugandan border is planned.
Kosovo Trainkos 437 km (272 mi)[50]
Laos Boten–Vientiane railway 414 km (257 mi), Formally opened on 3 December 2021.
Latvia Rail Baltica Standard-gauge Rail Baltica railway is under construction and is scheduled to be completed by 2030.
Lebanon All lines out of service and essentially dismantled
Libya Network under construction
Lithuania Rail Baltica First phase, from Kaunas to the Polish border, completed in 2015. The second phase, from Kaunas north to Tallinn and from Kaunas to Vilnius, is in the design and construction phase and scheduled to be completed by 2030.
Luxembourg Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois
Malaysia
998 km (620 mi)
Mexico[51]
Further information: List of Mexican railroads
 24,740 km (15,370 mi)
Monaco
Montenegro Željeznice Crne Gore 3
Morocco Rail transport in Morocco 2,067 km (1,284 mi)
Nepal Nepal Railways (all tracks except cross-border tracks with India are standard gauge) Under-construction
Netherlands Nederlandse Spoorwegen and regional railways.
Nigeria Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway; Lagos Rail Mass Transit Under construction; Abuja to Kaduna section operational.
North Korea Railways of the DPRK
North Macedonia Macedonian Railways
Norway Norwegian National Rail Administration, Rail transport in Norway 4,087 km (2,540 mi)
Pakistan To be used only for the rapid transit system, Lahore Metro[52] Pakistan's nationwide rail system (Pakistan Railways) uses Template:Track gauge broad gauge. Any future additions to this system would also be in broad gauge.
Panama Panama Railway; Panama Metro Regauged from Template:Track gauge in 2001
Paraguay Ferrocarril Presidente Don Carlos Antonio López, now Ferrocarril de Paraguay S.A. (FEPASA) 36 km out of Asunción (used as a tourist steam line), plus 5 km from Encarnación to the border with Argentina, carrying mainly exported soy; the rest of the 441-km line awaits its fate, while redevelopment plans come and go with regularity. The section from west of Encarnación to north of San Salvador, plus the entire San Salvador–Abaí branch, have been dismantled by the railway itself and sold for scrap to raise funds.
Peru Railway Development Corporation,[53] Ferrocarril Central Andino (Callao–Lima–La Oroya–Huancayo and La Oroya–Cerro del Pasco lines), Ferrocarril del sur de Peru (operated by Peru Rail) Matarani–Arequipa–Puno and Puno–Cuzco, Ilo–Moquegua mining railway, Tacna–Arica (Chile) international line, (operated by Tacna Province), Lima electric suburban railway 1,603 km (996 mi)
Philippines Operational: LRT 1, LRT 2, and MRT 3. Under construction: MRT 7, MRT 4, LRT 1 South/Cavite Extension, MMS, PNR SLH, PNR NSCR, and Mindanao Railway Phase 1. All current as of March 2022. 54.15 km (33.65 mi) operational, 899.6 km (559.0 mi) under construction, all electrified as of March 2022.
Philippine National Railways network, future LRT and MRT Lines (proposed) c. 4,600 km (2,900 mi), 1,159 km (720 mi) will be electrified.[54][lower-alpha 2]
Poland Polskie Koleje Państwowe, Warsaw Metro, most tramway systems throughout the country
Portugal Braga and Porto (Guindais) funiculars, Lisbon Metro, Porto Metro (partly adapted from former Template:Track gauge; tracks), Metro Transportes do Sul light rail in Almada. All other railways use Template:Track gauge (broad gauge); some use Template:Track gauge; Decauville uses Template:Track gauge gauge.

Planned and under construction high-speed railways to use Template:Track gauge to maintain interoperability with the rest of the network.

Romania
Russia Rostov-on-Don tramway, lines connecting Kaliningrad with Poland
Rwanda Isaka–Kigali Standard Gauge Railway 150 km (93 mi) New railway between Kigali and the Tanzanian town of Isaka is planned.
Saudi Arabia Rail transport in Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia Serbian Railways
Singapore Mass Rapid Transit 203 km (126 mi)
Slovakia Železnice Slovenskej republiky, Košice tramway system
Slovenia Slovenske železnice
Somaliland Dire Dawa Ethiopia - Berbera Port proposed 2025
South Africa Gautrain in Gauteng Province. Rest of country uses Template:Track gauge 80 km (50 mi)
South Korea KRNA
Spain AVE high-speed rail lines from Madrid to Seville, Málaga, Alicante, Saragossa, Barcelona (-Perthus), Orense, Toledo, Huesca, León and Valladolid, Barcelona Metro (L2, L3, L4, and L5 lines), Barcelona FGC (lines L6 and L7), and Metro Vallès (lines S1, S2, S5, and S55)

All other railways use Template:Track gauge (broad gauge) and/or Template:Track gauge.

3,622 km (2,251 mi)
Sweden Swedish Transport Administration, Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (Stockholm metro, commuter and light rail lines), tram networks in Gothenburg, Lund and Norrköping
Switzerland Swiss Federal Railways,

BLS, Rigi Railways (rack railway)

SFR 3,134 km in standard gauge and 98 km metre gauge[63]

449 km[clarification needed]

Syria Syrian Railways 2,052 km (1,275 mi)
Taiwan
604.64 km (376 mi)
Tanzania Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway 300 km (186 mi) line from Dar es Salaam to Morogoro has been completed in April 2022 currently in live testing phase.[64] Contract awarded in 2019 for a 422 km (262 mi) extension from Morogoro to Makutupora.
Thailand
80 km (50 mi)
Tunisia Northern part of the network 471 km (293 mi)
Turkey Turkish State Railways (also operates Marmaray), metro networks, and tram networks Some tram networks use Template:Track gauge.
Further information: Rail transport in Turkey
Uganda Uganda Standard Gauge Railway Railway line from Kampala to the Kenyan border is planned.
United Arab Emirates Rail transport in the United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom (Great Britain) Entire rail network in Great Britain (but not Ireland) since standardisation by the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846 Also used on all metro and tramway systems with the exception of the self-contained Glasgow Subway, which is Template:Track gauge.
United States
129,774 km (80,638 mi)
Uruguay National rail network 2,900 km (1,800 mi)
Vietnam
178 km (111 mi). Includes dual gauge (standard/metre) to the Chinese border.

Non-rail use

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Several states in the United States had laws requiring road vehicles to have a consistent gauge to allow them to follow ruts in the road. Those gauges were similar to railway standard gauge.[66]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ The gaps in the pedestrian crossings in Pompeii could give credence or otherwise to this statement, but no relevant studies appear to have been made.
  2. ↑ For the Philippine National Railways, 2,278 km (1,415 mi) for the Mindanao Railway, 296 km (184 mi) for the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR),[55] 298 km (185 mi) for NSCR extensions,[56] 92 km (57 mi) for the Northeast Commuter Line to Cabanatuan,[57][58] 581 to 639 km (361 to 397 mi) for the South Main Line rehabilitation, 71 km (44 mi) for the Subic–Clark Railway, 244 km (152 mi) for the San Jose–Tuguegarao line,[59] and 175 km (109 mi) for the Tarlac–San Fernando line.[60] Proposed MRT lines have a total length of 370 km (230 mi), discounting the Monorail Line 4. LRT Line 1 extension is 26 km (16 mi),[61] while LRT Line 6's total proposed track length is 169 km (105 mi).[62] All figures mentioned denote track length, not line or system length.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Falco, Francesco (31 December 2012). "2007-ee-27010-s". TEN-T Executive Agency. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  2. ↑ "Japan". Speedrail.ru. 1 October 1964. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  3. ↑ Falco, Francesco (23 January 2013). "EU support to help convert the Port of Barcelona's rail network to UIC gauge". TEN-T Executive Agency. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  4. ↑ "Spain: opening of the first standard UIC gauge cross-border corridor between Spain and France". UIC Communications. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  5. ↑ "Displaceable rolling bogie for railway vehicles". IP.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  6. ↑ ifodev (4 February 2025). "What Can You Tell From The Rail Track Width (Rail Guage)?". Jekay International Track Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 10 February 2026.
  7. ↑ "Talgo Avril high-speed EMUs have entered service in Spain". ROLLINGSTOCK. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  8. ↑ [1] Thirty-Seventh Congress Session III Chap CXII March 3, 1863 Retrieved on 2019-01-08.
  9. ↑ "Standard Railway Gauge". Townsville Bulletin. 5 October 1937. p. 12. Retrieved 3 June 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ↑ "Standard Rail Gauge Set By Old Ox-Carts". The Worker. 58 (3122). Brisbane, Queensland. 19 May 1947. p. 17. Retrieved 13 April 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mikkelson, David (16 April 2001). "Are U.S. Railroad Gauges Based on Roman Chariots?". Snopes.
  12. ↑ Ogata, Masanori; Tsutsumi, Ichiro; Shimotsuma, Yorikazu; Shiotsu, Nobuko (6 December 2006). Origin of the world's standard gauge of railway is in the interval of wheel ruts of ancient carriages. The International Conference on Business & Technology Transfer. p. 98. doi:10.1299/jsmeicbtt.2006.3.0_98. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Baxter 1966, p. 56.
  14. ↑ "Tyne and Wear HER(1128): Bigges Main Wagonway – Details". Sitelines. Tyne and Wear Archaeology Officer. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  15. ↑ "The Wagons". DRCM. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  16. ↑ Vaughan 1997.
  17. ↑ Vaughan 1997, p. 19.
  18. ↑ Tomlinson, Wiliam Weaver (1915). The North Eastern Railway: Its Rise and Development. Newcastle-upon-Tyne; London: Andrew Reid; Longmans, Green. p. 81. Retrieved 20 March 2023. I [John Dixon] can testify to the fact of there being half an inch difference in the gauge of the Great North of England Railway and the Stockton and Darlington Railway, and that engines and carriages reciprocally travel on each line daily without danger or a suspicion thereof from that cause: indeed, the fact of this difference is not generally known.
  19. ↑ "Trans-Australian Railway. Bill Before The Senate". Western Mail (Western Australia). Perth. 2 December 1911. p. 17. Retrieved 15 March 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
  20. ↑ "Peoples' Liberal Party". Bendigo Advertiser. 27 February 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 21 November 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
  21. ↑ Jones (2009), pp. 64–65.
  22. ↑ Garnett, A. F. (2005). "Steel Wheels". Cannwood Press. p. 07. ISBN 978-0955-0257-0-9.
  23. ↑ "The Days They Changed the Gauge". Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  24. ↑ Auguste Perdonnet, mémoire sur les chemins à ornières, 1830
  25. ↑ Revue générale des chemins de fer, July 1928.
  26. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 91.
  27. ↑ "Public transport in and about the parish". St George-in-the-East Church. London. London and Blackwall Railway; London, Tilbury & Southend Railway.
  28. ↑ "Docklands Light Railway: Tower Gateway to West India Quay" (PDF). Mernick. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  29. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 260.
  30. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 363.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Jones (2013), p. 33.
  32. ↑ Bak, Luca (24 May 1830). "First passenger rail service in US (Baltimore and Elliots Mill, Maryland)". Today's Flashback. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  33. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 319.
  34. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 54.
  35. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 273.
  36. ↑ Whishaw (1842), p. 303.
  37. ↑ "Albania". The World Factbook. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  38. ↑ "CIA data". Archived from the original on 11 January 2019.
  39. ↑ "Algeria". The World Factbook. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  40. ↑ "Infrabel OpenData - Kilometres railway lines by region". 21 April 2023.
  41. ↑ Setti (2008), p. 25.
  42. ↑ "Metropolitan Sofia". Metropolitan.bg. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  43. ↑ "Sofia Public Transport Co". Archived from the original on 10 August 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  44. ↑ "Euroopa rööpmelaiusele üleminek läheks maksma 8,7 miljardit eurot". 5 September 2022.
  45. ↑ "香港鐵路(MTR)". 2427junction.com. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  46. ↑ "Hong Kong's MTR System". Roof and Facade. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  47. ↑ Allen (1987).[page needed]
  48. ↑ "History of Railways in Indonesia". keretapi.tripod.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  49. ↑ "Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij". searail.malayanrailways.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  50. ↑ "Kosovo", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 12 December 2024, archived from the original on 8 December 2024, retrieved 24 December 2024
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  52. ↑ "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  53. ↑ "Ferrocarril Central Andino". Railroad Development Corporation. 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  54. ↑ "Philippines approves standard gauge for all new lines". 10 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  55. ↑ "Biz sector calls on gov't. to prioritize Mindanao railway system". Philippine Information Agency. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
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  57. ↑ Technical Report No. 3: Urban / Transportation Development Condition in Adjoining Areas (PDF). Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
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Bibliography

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