Yersinia
Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae.[1] Yersinia species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, and are facultative anaerobes.[2] Three members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans: Y. pestis causes the plague and Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis cause gastrointestinal syndromes. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of Y. pestis) or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces.
Speculations exist as to whether or not certain Yersinia can also be spread by protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; currently, there are studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) Yersinia propagation and proliferation.[3]
Microbial physiology
[edit | edit source]An interesting feature peculiar to some of the Yersinia bacteria is the ability to not only survive, but also to actively proliferate at temperatures as low as 1–4 °C (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator).[4] Yersinia bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solutions.
Pathology
[edit | edit source]Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague. The disease caused by Y. enterocolitica is called yersiniosis.
Yersinia is implicated as one of the causes of reactive arthritis worldwide.[5]
Also, the genus is associated with pseudoappendicitis, which is an incorrect diagnosis of appendicitis due to a similar presentation.[6]
Pathogenesis
[edit | edit source]Effector proteins
[edit | edit source]All pathogenic Yersinia have effector proteins that are injected into host cells using a type-three secretion system (T3SS), including 6 Yop proteins. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has a different effector protein family composed of 8 Ysp proteins. These effector proteins disrupt the cytoskeleton, phagocytosis, and various immune responses.[7]
History
[edit | edit source]Y. pestis, the first known species, was identified in 1894[8] by A.E.J. Yersin, a Swiss bacteriologist, and Kitasato Shibasaburō, a Japanese bacteriologist.[9] It was formerly described as Pasteurella pestis (known trivially as the plague-bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896.[9][10] In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species P. pestis and P. rondentium into a new genus, Yersinia.[9][10] Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.[10]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Adeolu, Mobolaji; et al. (1 December 2016). "Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (12): 5575–5599. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001485. PMID 27620848.
- ↑ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 368–70. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ↑ Bichai, F.; Payment, P.; Barbeau, B. (2008). "Protection of waterborne pathogens by higher organisms in drinking water: a review". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 54 (7): 509–524. Bibcode:2008CaJMb..54..509B. doi:10.1139/W08-039. PMID 18641697. S2CID 1528556.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Nikkari, S.; Merilahti-Palo, R.; Saario, R.; Söderstrom, K. O.; Granfors, K.; Skurnik, M.; Toivanen, P. (1992). "Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis. use of polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining in the detection of bacterial components from synovial specimens". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 35 (6): 682–687. doi:10.1002/art.1780350613. PMID 1599522.
- ↑ "EMedicine". Retrieved 2010-07-22.
- ↑ Matsumoto, Hiroyuki; Young, Glenn M. (February 2009). "Translocated effectors of Yersinia". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 12 (1): 94–100. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.005. ISSN 1879-0364. PMC 2669664. PMID 19185531.
- ↑ Rebecca Maki from University of Pittsburghby. "Discovery of Yersinia pestis". Archived from the original on 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Loghem, J. J. (1944). "The classification of the plague-bacillus". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 10 (1–2): 15–16. doi:10.1007/BF02272779. PMID 20990853. S2CID 9690694.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Template:Lpsn
External links
[edit | edit source]- Yersinia Enterocolitis Mimicking Crohn's Disease in a Toddler
- Sweden: Pork warnings over new stomach illness
- Yersinia genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID